Soft Computing in Acoustics: Applications of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic and Rough Sets to Musical Acoustics

254 Pages·1999·9.41 MB·English

by  Dr. Boz̊ena Kostek (auth.)

Soft Computing in Acoustics
Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing
Editor-in-chief
Prof. Janusz Kacprzyk
Systems Research Institute
Polish Academy of Seiences
ul. Newelska 6
01-447 Warsaw, Poland
E-mail: [e-mail]
Vol. 3. A. Geyer-Schulz Vol. 14. E. Hisdal
Fuzzy Ru/e-Based Expert Systems and Logical Structures for Representation
Genetic Machine Leaming, 2nd ed. 1996 of Knowledge and Uncertainty, 1998
ISBN 3-7908-0964-0 ISBN 3-7908-1056-8
Vol. 4. T. Onisawa and J. Kacprzyk (Eds.) Vol. 15. G.J. Klir and M.J. Wiennan
Reliability and Safety Analyses under Uncertainty-Based Information, 1998
Fuzziness, 1995 ISBN 3-7908-1073-8
ISBN 3-7908-0837-7
Vol. 16. D. Driankov and R. Palm (Eds.)
Vol. 5. P. Bosc and J. Kacprzyk (Eds.) Advances in Fuzzy Contro/, 1998
Fuzziness in Database Management ISBN 3-7908-1090-8
Systems, 1995
Vol. 17. L. Reznik, V. Dimitrov and
ISBN 3-7908-0858-X
J. Kacprzyk (Eds.)
Vol. 6. E. S. Lee and Q. Zhu Fuzzy Systems Design, 1998
Fuzzy and Evidence Reasoning, 1995 ISBN 3-7908-1118-1
ISBN 3-7908-0880-6
Vol. 18. L. Polkowski and A. Skowron
Vol. 7. B.A. Juliano and W. Bandler (Eds.)
Tracing Chains-of-Thought, 1996 Rough Sets in Knowledge Discovery 1,
ISBN 3-7908-0922-5 1998, ISBN 3-7908-1119-X
Vol. 8. F. Herrera and J. L. Verdegay (Eds.) Vol. 19. L. Polkowski and A. Skowron
Genetic Algorithms and Soft Computing, (Eds.)
1996, ISBN 3-7908-0956-X Rough Sets in Knowledge Discovery 2,
1998, ISBN 3-7908-1120-3
Vol. 9. M. Sato et al.
Fuzzy Clustering Models and Applications, Vol. 20. J.N. Mordeson and P.S. Nair
1997, ISBN 3-7908-1026-6 Fuzzy Mathematics, 1998
ISBN 3-7908-1121-1
Vol. 10. L. C. Jain (Ed.)
Soft Computing Techniques in Knowl Vol. 21. L.C. Jain and T. Fukuda (Eds.)
edge-based Intelligent Engineering Soft Computing for Intelligent Robotic
Systems, 1997, ISBN 3-7908-1035-5 Systems, 1998
ISBN 3-7908-1147-5
Vol. II. W. Mielczarski (Ed.)
Fuzzy Logic Techniques in Power Vol. 22. J. Cardoso and H. Camargo (Eds.)
Systems, 1998, ISBN 3-7908-1044-4 Fuzziness in Petri Nets, 1999
ISBN 3-7908-1158-0
Vol. 12. B. Bouchon-Meunier (Ed.)
Aggregation and Fusion of lmpeifect Vol. 23. P. S. Szczepaniak (Ed.)
Information, 1998 Computationa/lntelligence and
ISBN 3-7908-1048-7 Applications, 1999
ISBN 3-7908-1161-0
Vol. 13. E. Orlowska (Ed.)
lncomp/ete Information: Vol. 24. E. Ortowska (Ed.)
Rough Set Analysis, 1998 Logic at Work, 1999
ISBN 3-7908-1049-5 ISBN 3-7908-1164-5
continued on page 244
Bozena Kostek
Soft Computing
in Acoustics
Applications of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic
and Rough Sets to Musical Acoustics
With 118 Figures
and 84 Tables
Springer-Verlag Berlin Beideiberg GmbH
Dr. Boiena Kostek
Sound Engineering Department
Faculty of Electronics,
Telecommunications & lnformatics
Technical University of Gdari.sk
ul. Narutowicza 11112
80-952 Gdari.sk
Po land
E-mail: [e-mail]
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Kostek, Bozena: Soft computing in acoustics: applications of neural networks, fuzzy logic
and rough sets to musical acoustics; with 84 tables I Bozena Kostek.
(Studies in fuzziness and soft computing; Vol. 31)
ISBN 978-3-662-13005-6 ISBN 978-3-7908-1875-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-7908-1875-8
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999
Originally published by Physica-Verlag Heidelberg New York in 1999
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To my Parents
FOREWORD
Soft computing, the term introduced recently by Lotfi Zadeh, combines various
aspects of new computing techniques such as fuzzy and rough sets, neural
networks, genetic algorithms, and others. It turned out that this new paradigm of
computing can be used with success in many fields of sciences and engiDeering by
offering better algorithms and enabling the analysis of data that would not have
been otherwise possible by using, for example, statistical methods.
This book deals with a wide spectrum of topics which are important both not
only for acoustics but more generally for computer science.
The book addresses a number of topics such as data representation in musical
acoustics, automatic classification of musical instrument sounds, automatic
recognition of musical phrases, and others - using soft computing techniques.
Besides, basics elements of neural networks, fuzzy sets and rough sets are
presented in a clear and understandable manner.
This is a pioneering book, revealing the author's original results on applications
of soft computing techniques to analyze and solve important problems in
acoustics. These can be useful and attractive for all readers interested in the above
areas, and may also serve as a reference book in these domains.
Without any doubt the book is an important achievement in the application of
soft computing techniques in acoustics with a special emphasis on musical
acoustics and subjective quality assessment.
I would like to congratulate Dr. Bozena Kostek for her excellent, highly
original work.
Warsaw, September 1998 Zdzislaw Pawlak
PREFACE
Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the
knowledge we have lost in information?
T.S.Eiiot
Acoustics is an old and very well-developed scientific domain, having its roots
in physics and broadening its scope over time into musical aesthetics, speech and
hearing sciences, signal processing, and others. There are many fields of
application within the acoustical realm, among others including the acoustics of
speech combined with signal processing and soft computing methods, together
forming the specialized application of automatic speech recognition. As a result of
this methodology, today's computers can be voice-operated. Since Roederer says
music "seems to be a quite natural by-product of the evolution of speech and
language" [180], then it is also possible to foresee similar applications of musical
acoustics. The present state of computer technology already enables such
implementations. There is sufficient storage space available for acquiring music
and there are means for storing it and sending it via Internet, but there is still a
need for software tools that allow for the intelligent retrieval of inforrnation from
music. That is why only now may the research carried out by the author find direct
applications in multimedia databases and electronic libraries.
There is one more aspect that should be mentioned. lt was noticed by the author
that the presented work is in a way related to a new paradigm which was recently
introduced by L. Zadeh, namely "computing with words" [220]. While assessing
the quality of music, hornans use criteria that are rarely quantitative but most often
qualitative. Therefore, there is a need to find methods that make it possible to
process such descriptive notions as good, poor, clear, soft, bright, dark, high, low,
etc. with techniques that are adequate for this task. Soft computing offers
techniques which have been developed and tested in many other domains and
applications.
This book addresses the broad problern of automatically recognizing musical
sounds and musical phrases. Many applications for the algorithms dealing with
these tasks may be foreseen. One such possible application rnay be to search a
musical database for the sounds of chosen instruments or for musical tunes, and a
X PREFACE
second application may be to automatically compose music. Nowadays, with the
rapid growth of electronic libraries and databases such as those found on the
Internet, the first mentioned application seems tobe of more importance. A system
for scanning the Internet for particular musical scores or for the sounds of musical
performances would be most helpful. It is presently easy to conduct a search based
on a text string, but it is not so easy to either define or search for an object which
could be described as a musical data string. The reason for this is that musical
scores are always performed slightly differently from the way they are written,
with a certain Ievel of inaccuracy and uncertainty leaving a wide margin for
individual interpretation. In the realm of audio technology, there are still more
tasks that could be solved if one were able to efficiently search for musical
phrases. For example, cue points could be automatically located within digital
audio editors. Intelligent algorithms could also help to fmd desired fragments of
recorded musical pieces or the entrances of selected musical instruments.
The problern of algorithmic analysis of musical phrases can be approached in
two different ways, depending on the musical representation: the acoustical
analysis of sound; and the analysis of musical scores, which are electronically
represented by the MIDI code. These two tasks require approaches which are
largely different because they must process data in different ways. In the first case,
the representation of an acoustic signal must be dealt with, while in the second
case the problern pertains to numerical data processing. Nevertheless, there are
some common points in the algorithms used in these cases, such as time
normalization and the classification and identification of objects.
There are also two other problems that are dealt with in this book. The first one
describes the processing of subjective test results by means of soft computing
methods. It should be remernbered that it is still one of the most vital, and at the
same time unsolved problems in acoustics. The second application pertains to
musical instrument principle of working, namely the control of a classical pipe
organ instrument using fuzzy logic inference. The common point between all of
the presented topics is the application of soft computing methods in order to solve
some ofthe specific problems of acoustics.
The aim of this research study is the implementation of soft computing methods
to musical signal analysis and to the recognition of musical sounds and phrases.
Accordingly, methods based on such learning algorithms as neural networks,
rough sets and fuzzy-logic were conceived, implemented and tested. Additionally,
the above-mentioned methods were applied to the analysis and verification of
subjective testing results. The last problern discussed within the framework of this
book is the concept of fuzzy control of the classical pipe organ instrument.
The obtained results show that computational intelligence and soft computing
may be used for solving some vital problems in both musical and architectural
acoustics.
PREFACE xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I feel deeply honored and at the same time indebted to Professors Z. Pawlak
and A. Skowron for their encouragement and interest in this research work.
Much gratitude I owe my distinguished Teachers of Sound Engineering and
Acoustics - Professors M. Sankiewicz and G. Budzynski for introducing me to
these interesting, interdisciplinary scientific domains.
I would also like to thank all my colleagues from the Sound Engineering
Department of the Technical University of Gdansk for the discussions that
inspired and motivated me to work harder.
I would like to express my appreciation for the fmancial support contributed by
the Committee for Scientific Research, Warsaw, Poland -parts of this work were
supported by grants No. 8 Tl1C 028 08 and No. 8 TllD 021 12.
Finally, I would also like to thank my husband - Prof. A. Czyzewski for his
encouragement and for sharing scientific interests with me.
September, 1998 Bozena Kostek
Gdansk, Poland