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SOCIETIES, NETWORKS, AND TRANSITIONS A G L O B A L H I S T O R Y VOLUME I: TO 1500 CRAIG A. LOCKARD University of Wisconsin—Green Bay HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY Boston New York Senior sponsoring editor:Nancy Blaine Senior development editor:Julie Swasey Senior project editor:Carol Newman Associate project editor:Deborah Berkman Senior art and design coordinator:Jill Haber Senior photo researcher:Jennifer Meyer Dare Composition buyer:Chuck Dutton Associate manufacturing buyer:Brian Pieragostini Senior marketing manager for history:Katherine Bates Cover image:Machu Picchu,Cuzco,Peru.Stone/Getty Images. Text credits:Ch.2,p.49:Burton Stein,A History ofIndia.Copyright © 1998 by Blackwell Publishing.Reprinted with permission by Blackwell Publishing.Ch.3,p.61:Edited by Ezra Pound.Translated by Noel Stock,from Love Poems ofancient Egypt.Copyright © 1962 by Noel Stock.Reprinted by permission ofNew Directions Publishing Corp. Ch.7,p.184:“The Great andFamous City ofMathurai.”Copyright © 1978 by Lenore Mayhew.Used by permission ofthe translator. Copyright © 2008 by Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved. No part ofthis work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission ofHoughton Mifflin Company unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law.Address inquiries to College Permissions,Houghton Mifflin Company,222 Berkeley Street, Boston,MA 02116-3764. Printed in the U.S.A. Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number:2006928173 ISBN 13:978-0-618-38612-3 ISBN 10:0-618-38612-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-DOW-11 10 09 08 07 BRIEF CONTENTS Introducing World History xviii 9 Classical Societies and Regional Networks in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 226 PART I Foundations: Ancient Societies, to ca. 600 B.C.E. 1 Classical Blossomings in World History, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 1 The Origins of Human Societies, to ca. 2000 B.C.E. 4 253 2 Ancient Societies in Mesopotamia, India, and Central Asia, 5000–600 B.C.E. 30 PART III 3 Ancient Societies in Africa and the Mediterranean, Expanding Horizons: Encounters and 5000–600 B.C.E. 54 Transformations in the Intermediate Era, 4 Around the Pacific Rim: Eastern Eurasia and the ca. 600–1500 Americas, 5000–600 B.C.E. 80 265 10 The Rise, Power, and Connections of the Islamic World, 600–1500 268 Ancient Foundations of World History, 4000–600 B.C.E. 11 East Asian Traditions, Transformations, and Eurasian 104 Encounters, 600–1500 298 12 Expanding Horizons in Africa and the Americas, PART II 600–1500 326 Blossoming: The Classical Societies 13 South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and and Their Legacies, ca. 600 B.C.E.–ca. 600 C.E. Afro-Eurasian Connections, 600–1500 356 115 14 Christian Societies in Medieval Europe, Byzantium, 5 Eurasian Connections and New Traditions in East Asia, and Russia, 600–1500 382 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 118 6 Western Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Regional Systems, 600–200 B.C.E. 144 Expanding Horizons in the Intermediate Era, 7 Classical Societies in Southern and Central Asia, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 172 412 8 Empires, Networks, and the Remaking of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, 500 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 198 iii 333466_fm1_i-xxiv 8/4/06 12:23 PM Page iv CONTENTS Maps ix Later Mesopotamian Societies and Their Legacies, Features ix 2000–600 B.C.E. 38 Preface x The Babylonians and Hittites 38 • The Assyrian Empire and Regional Supremacy 39 • Violence and the Fall ofthe About the Author xvi Assyrians 39 • Mesopotamian Law 39 • Mesopotamian Note on Spelling and Usage xvii Religion and Literature 41 Introducing World History xviii The Earliest Indian and Central Asian Societies, 6000–1500 B.C.E. 42 South Asian Environments and the Rise ofFarming 42 • PART I Harappan Cities 43 • Harappan Society and Its Beliefs 44 • The Harappan Economy and the Wider World 45 • The Foundations: Ancient Societies, to ca. 600 B.C.E. Decline and Collapse ofHarappan Society 46 • Central Asian 1 Environments and Oxus Cities 46 1 The Origins of Human Societies, to ca. 2000 The Aryans and a New Indian Society,1500–1000 B.C.E. 47 B.C.E. 4 The Aryan Peoples and the Vedas 47 • Early Aryan Government, Gender Relations,and Social Life 48 • Aryan Religion 48 • Before Prehistory:The Cosmos,Earth,and Life 6 Aryan Expansion and State Building in North India 49 Perceptions ofCosmic Mysteries 6 • The Natural Environ- The Mixing ofDravidian and Aryan Cultures, ment and Early Life 7 • Evolutionary Change 7 1000–600 B.C.E. 50 The Roots ofHumanity 8 The Roots ofthe Caste System 50 • Indo-Aryan Social Life The Earliest Hominids 8 • Homo Erectusand Migrations and Gender Relations 51 • Indo-Aryan Technology and Out ofAfrica 9 • The Evolution and Diversity ofHomo Economy 52 • Hinduism:A New Religion ofDiverse Roots 52 Sapiens 10 • The Emergence ofModern Humans 11 • The Globalization ofHuman Settlement 11 CHAPTERSUMMARY 53 KEYTERMS 53 SUGGESTEDREADING 53 The Odyssey ofEarly Human Societies 14 ■ PROFILE:HAMMURABI,THELAWGIVER 40 Hunting and Gathering 14 • Communities ofKinship and ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:HINDUVALUESINTHE Cooperation 14 • Cultural Life and Violence 15 • The BHAGAVADGITA 51 Heritage ofHunting and Gathering 16 3 The Agricultural Transformation,10,000–4000 B.C.E. 18 Ancient Societies in Africa and the Environmental Change and the Roots ofAgriculture 18 • The Mediterranean, 5000–600 B.C.E. 54 Great Transition to Settled Agriculture 18 • The Consequences The Rise ofEgyptian Society 56 ofSettled Agriculture 19 • The Globalization and Diversity of North African Environments 56 • Foundations ofEgyptian Agriculture 21 • Animal Domestication 22 • Agriculture and Society 57 • The Rise ofEgyptian States 57 • The Old Kingdom: Its Environmental Consequences 23 Egypt’s Golden Age 58 • The Middle Kingdom and Foreign The Emergence ofCities and States 24 Conquest 60 • The New Kingdom and Egyptian Expansion 60 The Rise ofNew Technologies 24 • Urbanization and the Egyptian Society,Economy,and Culture 61 First Cities 24 • The Rise ofStates,Economies,and Social Life and Organization 61 • Cities,Trade,and Regional Recordkeeping 25 • The Rise ofPastoral Nomadism 26 Networks 63 • Science and Technology 63 • Religion 63 CHAPTERSUMMARY 27 KEYTERMS 29 SUGGESTEDREADING 29 The Roots ofSub-Saharan African Societies 64 ■ PROFILE:THE!KUNGHUNTERSANDGATHERERS 17 African Environments 64 • The Expanding Sahara ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:FOODANDFARMINGIN Desert 65 • The Origins ofAfrican Agriculture 65 • Ancient ANCIENTCULTURALTRADITIONS 22 African Metallurgy 66 Early African States,Networks,and Migrations, 2 Ancient Societies in Mesopotamia, India, 1800–600 B.C.E. 66 and Central Asia, 5000–600 B.C.E. 30 Early Urban Societies in Nubia 67 • The Rise ofKush 67 • Early Mesopotamian Urbanized Societies,to The Sudanic Societies and Trade Networks 68 • The Bantu-Speaking Peoples and Their Migrations 68 2000 B.C.E. 32 Western Asian Environments 32 • Mesopotamian Early Societies and Networks ofthe Eastern Foundations 33 • The Pioneering Sumerians 33 • Sumerian Mediterranean 71 Society and Economy 35 • Sumerian Writing and Eastern Mediterranean Environments 71 • The Hebrews and Technology 36 • The Akkadian Empire and Its Rivals 37 Religious Innovation 71 • Minoan Crete and Regional Trade 75 iv Contents ■■ v • The Mycenaeans and Regional Power 76 • The Phoenicians PART II and Their Networks 76 • The Eclectic Roots ofGreek Society 77 Blossoming: The Classical Societies and Their CHAPTERSUMMARY 78 KEYTERMS 78 SUGGESTEDREADING 78 Legacies, ca. 600 B.C.E.–ca. 600 C.E. ■ PROFILE:HEKANAKHTE,ANEGYPTIANPRIEST 62 115 ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THEWORLDVIEWOFAN 5 Eurasian Connections and New Traditions in AFRICANSOCIETY 69 East Asia, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 118 Changing China and Axial Age Thought, 4 Around the Pacific Rim: Eastern Eurasia and 600–221 B.C.E. 120 the Americas, 5000–600 B.C.E. 80 Late Zhou Conflicts 120 • Late Zhou Technology and Science The Formation ofChinese Society,6000–1750 B.C.E. 82 121 • One Hundred Philosophical Schools 121 • Confucius China and Its Regional Environments 82 • Early Chinese and His Legacy 122 • Daoism and Chinese Mysticism 125 • Agriculture 83 • The First Farming Societies 84 • The Legalism and the Chinese State 125 Growth and Spread ofChinese Culture 84 Chinese Imperial Systems and Eurasian Trade 126 The Reshaping ofAncient Chinese Society, The Qin Dynasty 126 • The Qin Legacy 127 • The Han Empire 1750–600 B.C.E. 85 128 • The Silk Road and Eurasian Trade 129 • Han Govern- The Shang Dynasty Reshapes Northern China 85 • Shang ment 129 • Heavenly Mandates and Dynastic Cycles 130 Society and Culture 87 • The Early Zhou and Their Society,Economy,and Science in Han China 131 Government 87 • Early Zhou Society and Economy 88 • The Social Life and Gender Relations 131 • The Rural Economy 132 Evolution ofChinese Writing 89 • Ancient Philosophy and • Chinese Historiography 132 • Science and Technology 133 Religion 90 China After the Han Empire:Continuity and Change 135 Ancient Southeast and Northeast Asians 91 Disunity,Invasion,and Cultural Mixing 135 • Buddhism Southeast Asian Environments and Early Agriculture 91 • and Chinese Society 135 • China’s Eclectic Religious Migration and New Societies in Southeast Asia and the Tradition 137 • Technology in the Post-Han Era 137 • The Pacific 92 • Northeast Asian Environments 93 • The Sui Reunification ofChina 137 Roots ofKorean Society 94 • The Roots ofJapanese Korea,Japan,and East Asian Networks 138 Society 94 • Jomon Society 94 Korea and China 138 • Yayoi Japan 139 • Yamato:The First Migration and Settlement in the Americas 95 Japanese National State 140 • Japanese Isolation and Cultural Diverse American Environments 95 • The Antiquity and Unity 140 • Japanese Encounters with China 141 Migration ofNative Americans 95 • Hunting,Gathering, CHAPTERSUMMARY 142 KEYTERMS 142 SUGGESTEDREADING 143 and Ancient American Life 97 • Early Societies and Their ■ PROFILE:SIMAQIAN,CHINESEHISTORIAN 134 Cultures 97 ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THEANALECTSANDCORRECT The Roots ofAmerican Urban Societies 99 CONFUCIANBEHAVIOR 124 The Rise ofAmerican Agriculture 99 • Diverse Farming Patterns and Their Consequences 99 • Early Farming Societies 6 Western Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, 100 • The Foundations ofCities and States 100 • Mesoameri- and Regional Systems, 600–200 B.C.E. 144 can Societies:The Olmecs 101 • South American Societies: Chavín 102 The Persians and Their Empire 146 Geography and the Early Persians 146 • Building a Regional CHAPTERSUMMARY 103 KEYTERMS 103 SUGGESTEDREADING 103 Empire 146 • Imperial Policies and Networks 149 • ■ PROFILE:THEPOVERTYPOINTMOUNDBUILDERS 98 Zoroaster and Persian Religion 150 • Social Life and Gender ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THEPOETRYOFPEASANTLIFE Relations 150 • The Decline ofAchaemenid Persia 151 INZHOUCHINA 89 The Emergence ofthe Greeks 152 Cities and Citizenship 152 • Trade,Warfare,and Politics 153 • Reform,Tyranny,and Democracy in Athens 154 • The Spartan System 155 Greek Thought,Culture,and Society 155 Religion,Rationalism,and Science 155 • Axial Age Philosophy Ancient Foundations of World History, 4000–600 B.C.E. and Thinkers 156 • Literature 157 • Social Life and Gender 104 Relations 158 TECHNOLOGICALFOUNDATIONS 104 Greeks,Persians,and the Regional System 160 URBANANDECONOMICFOUNDATIONS 106 The Greco-Persian Wars 160 • Empire and Conflict in the Greek POLITICALFOUNDATIONS 108 World 160 • Historiography:Universal and Critical 162 • Inter- regional Trade 163 • Cultural Mixing in the Eastern SOCIALANDCULTURALFOUNDATIONS 109 Mediterranean 163 • The Persian and Greek Legacies 164 ■ HISTORICAL CONTROVERSY:PATRIARCHYAND The Hellenistic Age and Its Afro-Eurasian Legacies 164 MATRIARCHYINTHEANCIENTWORLD 111 Alexander the Great and World Empire 165 • Alexander’s SUGGESTEDREADING 113 Legacy:Hellenism and New Kingdoms 166 • Cities and vi ■■ Contents Economic Networks 166 • Science 167 • Philosophy and Romans 214 • German Expansion and Changing Roman Religion 169 • Hellenistic Asia and Persian Revival 169 Society 214 • The Division ofthe Roman Empire 215 CHAPTERSUMMARY 170 KEYTERMS 170 SUGGESTEDREADING 170 Christianity:From Western Asian Sect to Transregional ■ PROFILE:ARCHIMEDES,HELLENISTICMATHEMATICIAN Religion 216 ANDENGINEER 168 Roman Palestine and Jesus ofNazareth 216 • Paul and the Shaping ofChristianity 216 • Christianity in the Mediter- ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:GOOD,EVIL,AND ranean Zone 218 • Augustine and Roman Christianity 218 MONOTHEISMINZOROASTRIANTHOUGHT 151 Revival in the East:Byzantines,Persians,and Arabs 220 7 Classical Societies in Southern and Central Early Byzantium and the Era ofJustinian 220 • Byzantine Asia, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 172 Society,Gender Relations,and Economy 221 • Byzantine Religion and Culture 222 • Sassanian Persians and Their The Transformation ofIndian Society and Its Networks 223 • Sassanian Religion and Culture 223 • Religions 174 Interregional Trade,Cities,and the Arabs 224 Caste and Indian Society 174 • The Shaping of Hinduism 176 • New Schools ofHindu Thought 177 • Jainism CHAPTERSUMMARY 225 KEYTERMS 225 SUGGESTEDREADING 225 and Buddhism 177 • Buddhist Thought 178 ■ PROFILE:HYPATIAOFALEXANDRIA,APAGAN Eurasian Exchanges,Indian Politics,and the Mauryan PHILOSOPHER 219 Empire 180 ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THEVOICESOFCOMMON Indian Encounters with Persians and Greeks 180 • The ROMANS 211 Imperial Mauryan State 180 • Mauryan Life,Institutions,and Networks 182 • Ashoka and Buddhist Monarchy 182 • The 9 Classical Societies and Regional Networks Decline ofthe Mauryas 183 in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania, South and Central Asia After the Mauryas 183 600B.C.E.–600 C.E. 226 India,Central Asia,and the Silk Road 183 • Migrations into Classical States and Connections in Northeast Africa 228 Northwest India 184 • South India and Sri Lanka 184 • Indian Iron,Cities,and Prosperity in Kush 228 • Kush Social Encounters with the Afro-Eurasian World 185 • Buddhist Patterns and Culture 229 • The Legacy ofKush 231 • The Division 185 • Buddhism,Hinduism,and Christianity in Aksum Empire and Trade 231 • Aksum Society and South Asia 186 Culture 232 • The Aksum Legacy and Ethiopian History 233 The Gupta Age in India 187 The Blossoming ofSudanic and Bantu Africa 234 Government and Economy 188 • Society and Gender Sudanic Societies,Farming,and Cities 234 • Trans-Saharan Relations 188 • Science and Mathematics 189 • Culture Trade Networks 235 • Sudanic States and Peoples 235 • The and the Arts 190 • Decline ofthe Guptas 190 Guinea Coast 236 • The Bantu-Speaking Peoples and Their Mi- The Development ofSoutheast Asian Societies 190 grations 236 • Maritime Trade and the East African Coast 237 Austronesian Seafaring,Trade,and Migrations 191 • Indian- Classical Mesoamerican Societies and Networks 237 ization and Early Mainland States 192 • Funan,Zhenla, The Emergence ofthe Early Maya 238 • Maya Politics and Champa 193 • Vietnam and Chinese and Trade 239 • Maya Social Life and Gender Relations 240 • Colonization 194 • Economies,Societies,and Cultures 194 Maya Religion,Science,and Mathematics 240 • Monte CHAPTERSUMMARY 196 KEYTERMS 196 SUGGESTEDREADING 196 Alban and Zapotec Society 241 • Teotihuacan:Metropolis ■ PROFILE:THETRUNGSISTERS,VIETNAMESEREBELS 195 and Hub 241 ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:BASICDOCTRINESINTHE New Societies ofSouth and North America 242 BUDDHA’SFIRSTSERMON 179 Moche and the Peruvian Coast 242 • Tiwanaku,Nazca,and the Andean Societies 243 • Pueblo Societies ofWestern North 8 Empires, Networks, and the Remaking America 245 • The Mound Builders ofEastern North America 245 • Changing States and the Spread ofCultures 246 of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, 500 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 198 Populating the Pacific:Australian and Island Societies 247 Australian Geography and Aboriginal Societies 247 • Aboriginal Etruscans,Carthage,Egypt,and the Romans 200 Society,Cultures,and Trade 247 • Austronesian Expansion 248 Western European Geography 200 • The Etruscans and • Polynesian Migrations and Societies 249 • The Austronesian Early Rome 201 • The Roman Republic 203 • Expanding Dispersal in the Pacific and Beyond 250 Roman Power in Italy 204 • Carthage,Egypt,and Regional Trade 204 • The Punic Wars and Afro-Eurasian Empire 205 CHAPTERSUMMARY 251 KEYTERMS 251 SUGGESTEDREADING 251 Roman Society During the Imperial Era 206 ■ PROFILE:A MOCHELORD 244 The Decline ofthe Republic 206 • Augustus and the Pax ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:A SHOPPER’SGUIDETO Romana 207 • Law,Citizenship,and Religion 209 • Social AKSUM 233 Life and Gender Relations 210 • Economy and Trade Networks 210 • Literature,Architecture,and Technology 212 Celts,Germans,and Roman Decline 212 The Decline ofthe Western Roman Empire 213 • Celtic Classical Blossomings in World History, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. Societies and the Romans 213 • German Societies and the 253 Contents ■■ vii THEAXIALAGEOFPHILOSOPHICALSPECULATION 253 Song China and Commercial Growth 305 THEAGEOFREGIONALEMPIRES 254 Urban Life and Economic Prosperity 306 • Industry, WORLDRELIGIONSANDTHEIRINFLUENCES 259 Technology,and Science 307 • Social Life and Gender Relations 308 • Neo-Confucianism and Chinese CHANGINGECONOMICANDSOCIALPATTERNS 261 Thought 308 • The Song in World History 309 ■ HISTORICAL CONTROVERSY:THEAFROCENTRIC Mongol Conquest,Chinese Resurgence,and Eurasian CHALLENGETOHISTORIANSOFANTIQUITY 255 Connections 310 SUGGESTEDREADING 264 The Mongol Empire and the Conquest ofChina 310 • Mongol Government and Chinese Culture 310 • Mongol China PART III and Eurasian Networks 311 • Ming Government and Culture 313 • Ming China and the Afro-Eurasian Expanding Horizons: Encounters and World 313 • Ming China Turns Inward 315 Transformations in the Intermediate Era, Cultural Adaptation in Korea and Japan 316 ca. 600–1500 Silla Korea and Tang China 316 • Korea During the Koryo 265 Era 316 • Nara Government and Its Challenges 317 • Nara 10 Culture and Thought 318 • Heian Cultural Renaissance 318 • The Rise, Power, and Connections of the The Decline ofHeian Japan 320 Islamic World, 600–1500 268 Changing Korea and Japan 320 Early Islam:The Origins ofa Continuous Tradition 270 Korea During the Early Yi Dynasty 320 • The Warrior Class and The Middle Eastern Sources ofIslam 270 • The Prophet a New Japanese Society 322 • The Shogunates 322 • Japanese Muhammad and His Revelations 271 • Emigration and Society,Religion,and Culture 323 • Japanese Political and Triumph 272 • The Appeal ofMuhammad’s Message 274 • Economic Change 323 Islamic Beliefs and Society 275 CHAPTERSUMMARY 324 KEYTERMS 324 SUGGESTEDREADING 324 Arab Expansion and the Spread ofIslam 276 ■ PROFILE:LADYMURASAKI,AHEIANNOVELIST 319 Arab Conquests and the Making ofan Islamic World 276 • The Making ofa Universal Religion 277 • Islamic Government ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:LIFEINTHECHINESECAPITAL and Law 278 • Agricultural Productivity and the Spread of CITY 307 Crops 278 12 Early Islamic States and Empires 278 Expanding Horizons in Africa and the Early Imperial Caliphates:Unity and Strife 279 • The Americas, 600–1500 326 Sunni-Shi’a Split 280 • Arabian Nights:The Abbasid Caliphate The Power ofWest African States 328 280 • Imperial Rule and Urbanization 281 • Abbasid Decline Trade and the Expansion ofIslam in the Sudan 328 • The First and the End ofArab Empire 281 • Cultural Mixing in Muslim Sudanic Kingdom:Ghana 329 • Mali:Islam and Regional Sicily and Spain 282 Power 331 • The Songhai Empire 331 • The Hausa City- Cultural Hallmarks ofIslam:Theology,Society,and States 333 • Kingdoms ofthe Guinea Coast 333 Science 284 Expanding Bantu Societies 335 Theology,Sufism,and Religious Practice 284 • Social Life and The Bantu Diaspora 335 • Islam,Trade,and East African Gender Relations 285 • Pen and Brush:Writing and the Visual Cities 335 • East African Commerce 336 • Islam and Swahili Arts 286 • Science and Learning 286 • Social Science and Culture 336 • Zimbabwe and International Trade 336 • The Historiography 289 Kongo Kingdom 337 Globalized Islam and Middle Eastern Political African Society,Thought,and Economy 338 Change 289 Stateless Societies 338 • Gender and Social Patterns 338 • The Global Shape ofDar al-Islam 289 • Turks and Crusaders Religious Traditions 339 • Literature and the Arts 339 • 291 • Mongol Conquests and the Black Death 292 • The Rise Agriculture and Trade 340 • Africans,Arab Slave Traders,and ofMuslim Military States 293 • The Ottoman Empire 294 • the Portuguese 340 Islamic Contributions to World History 295 American Societies in Transition 341 CHAPTERSUMMARY 296 KEYTERMS 296 SUGGESTEDREADING 296 The Collapse ofthe Classical States 342 • The Zenith and Decline ■ PROFILE:IBNBATTUTA,AMUSLIMTRAVELER 288 ofthe Maya 342 • The Toltecs and Chimu 343 • PuebloSoci- eties 344 • The Mississippian Culture and Cahokia 346 • The ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THEHOLYBOOK,GOD,AND Eastern Woodlands Societies 346 THEPROPHETINTHEQURAN 273 The American Empires and Their Challenges 347 11 The Aztec Empire,Religion,and Warfare 347 • Aztec Economy East Asian Traditions, Transformations, and and Society 349 • The Inca Imperial System 351 • Inca Eurasian Encounters, 600–1500 298 Political Economy,Society,and Technology 351 • American Tang China:The Hub ofthe East 300 Societies and Their Connections 353 The Tang Empire and Eurasian Exchange 300 • Imperial CHAPTERSUMMARY 354 KEYTERMS 354 SUGGESTEDREADING 354 Government and Economic Growth 301 • Religion,Science, and Technology 303 • The Arts and Literature 304 • Changes ■ PROFILE:SUNDIATA,IMPERIALFOUNDER 332 in the Late Tang Dynasty 305 ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:ANAZTECMARKET 350 viii ■■ Contents Medieval Societies 390 13 South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast The Emergence ofFeudalism 390 • Manorialism and the Slave Asia, and Afro-Eurasian Connections, Trade 391 • Medieval Cities and Towns 392 • Merchants 600–1500 356 and Expanding Trade 393 • Family Life and Gender Hindu Politics and Indian Society 358 Relations 394 • Outsiders 395 Unity and Disunity in Hindu Politics 358 • Villages and Cities Medieval Religion,Politics,and Thought 395 359 • Hindu Social Life and Gender Relations 360 • Science The Church as a Social and Political Force 396 • Medieval Beliefs and Mathematics 361 and the Environment 397 • New European States 397 • The Hinduism and Buddhism in South and Central Asia 362 Crusading Tradition 399 • Intellectual Life and Literature 399 Hindu Diversity and a Common Culture 362 • The Hindu Eastern Europe:Byzantines,Slavs,and Mongols 401 Renaissance 363 • Decline and Change in Indian Byzantium and Its Eurasian Rivals 401 • Byzantine Economy, Buddhism 363 • State Building and Buddhism in Tibet 364 Religion,and Society 402 • Byzantium and the Slavs 402 • The Coming ofIslam to India and Central Asia 364 Russians and Mongols 403 Early Islamic Encounters 364 • Islamic Expansion and the Late Medieval Europe and the Roots ofExpansion 404 Delhi Sultanate 366 • Hindu Politics and Culture 367 • The The Black Death and Social Change 404 • Warfare and Impact ofTamerlane 368 • Muslim Rule and the Reshaping of Political Centralization 407 • Crisis in the Church 408 • Indian Life 368 Hemispheric Connections,the Renaissance,and Cultural Adaptation and New Southeast Asian Technology 408 • Population and Economic Growth 409 • The Portuguese and Maritime Exploration 410 Societies 370 Indianized Kingdoms 370 • Indianized Social and Cultural CHAPTERSUMMARY 411 KEYTERMS 411 SUGGESTEDREADING 411 Patterns 370 • The Angkor Empire 371 • Angkor Religion ■ PROFILE:HELOISE,AFRENCHSCHOLARANDNUN 400 and Society 373 • Indianized Urban Societies in Java and ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:A LITERARYVIEWOFLATE Sumatra 374 • International Influences and the Decline ofthe MEDIEVALPEOPLE 407 Indianized States 375 Changing Southeast Asian Societies 376 Theravada Buddhist Society in Siam 376 • Vietnamese Society 377 • Islam,Maritime Networks,and the Malay Expanding Horizons in the Intermediate Era, World 378 • Melaka:Crossroads ofTrade 380 • Southeast 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. Asia and the Wider World 380 412 CHAPTERSUMMARY 381 KEYTERMS 381 SUGGESTEDREADING 381 INCREASINGECONOMICEXCHANGE 412 ■ PROFILE:PWASAW,ABURMESEQUEEN 372 UNIVERSALRELIGIONSANDSOCIALCHANGE 415 ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THESONGSOFKABIR 369 THEMONGOLEMPIREANDHEMISPHERICCONNECTIONS 420 14 DISASTERANDDYNAMISMINTHELATEINTERMEDIATEERA 422 Christian Societies in Medieval Europe, Byzantium, and Russia, 600–1500 382 ■ HISTORICAL CONTROVERSY:EASTERNPREDOMINANCE INTHEINTERMEDIATEWORLD 416 Forming Christian Societies in Western Europe 384 Environment and Geography 384 • Christians and SUGGESTEDREADING 423 Germans 385 • The Frankish and Holy Roman Glossary G–1 Empires 386 • Vikings and Other Invaders 388 • Early Notes N–1 Medieval Trade,the Muslim World,and Spain 389 • Technology, Agricultural Growth,and Industry 389 Index I–1 MAPS AND FEATURES ■ MAPS ■ PROFILE 1.1 Spread ofModern Humans Around the Globe 12 The !Kung Hunters and Gatherers 17 1.2 The Origins ofAgriculture 20 Hammurabi,the Law Giver 40 1.3 The Indo-European Migrations and Eurasian Hekanakhte,an Egyptian Priest 62 Pastoralism 28 The Poverty Point Mound Builders 98 2.1 Ancient Mesopotamia 34 Sima Qian,Chinese Historian 134 2.2 Harappan Culture and Aryan Migrations 43 Archimedes,Hellenistic Mathematician and Engineer 168 3.1 Ancient Egypt and Nubia 58 The Trung Sisters,Vietnamese Rebels 195 3.2 Bantu Migrations and Early Africa 70 3.3 The Ancient Eastern Mediterranean 72 Hypatia ofAlexandria,a Pagan Philosopher 219 4.1 Shang and Zhou China 86 A Moche Lord 244 4.2 The Austronesian Diaspora 93 Ibn Battuta,a Muslim Traveler 288 4.3 Olmec and Chavín Societies 101 Lady Murasaki,Heian Novelist 319 SNT 1 Metals and Great States,ca.1000 B.C.E. 105 Sundiata,Imperial Founder 332 5.1 China in the Sixth Century B.C.E. 122 Pwa Saw,a Burmese Queen 372 5.2 The Han Empire 128 Heloise,a French Scholar and Nun 400 5.3 Korea and Japan in the Fifth Century C.E. 139 6.1 The Persian Empire,ca.500 B.C.E. 148 ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST 6.2 Classical Greece,ca.450B.C.E. 153 6.3 The Hellenistic Kingdoms 167 Food and Farming in Ancient Cultural Traditions 22 7.1 The Mauryan Empire,322–185 B.C.E. 181 Hindu Values in the Bhagavad Gita 51 7.2 The Spread ofBuddhism in Asia,100–800 C.E. 187 The Worldview ofan African Society 69 7.3 Funan and Its Neighbors 193 The Poetry ofPeasant Life in Zhou China 89 8.1 Italy and the Western Mediterranean, The Analectsand Correct Confucian Behavior 124 600–200 B.C.E. 202 Good,Evil,and Monotheism in Zoroastrian Thought 151 8.2 The Roman Empire,ca.120 C.E. 208 Basic Doctrines in the Buddha’s First Sermon 179 8.3 Spread ofChristianity 217 The Voices ofCommon Romans 211 8.4 The Byzantine and Sassanian Empires 223 A Shopper’s Guide to Aksum 233 9.1 Classical Africa,1500 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 230 The Holy Book,God,and the Prophet in the Quran 273 9.2 Classical Societies in the Americas 238 Life in the Chinese Capital City 307 9.3 Pacific Migrations in the Classical Era 250 SNT 2 Great Empires and Trade Routes 258 An Aztec Market 350 10.1 Expansion ofIslam,to 750 C.E. 277 The Songs ofKabir 369 10.2 The Abbasid Empire,ca.800 C.E. 281 A Literary View ofLate Medieval People 407 10.3 Dar al-Islam and Trade Routes,ca.1500C.E. 290 10.4 The Ottoman Empire,1566 293 ■ HISTORICAL CONTROVERSY 11.1 The Tang Empire,ca.700 C.E. 302 Patriarchy and Matriarchy in the Ancient World 111 11.2 China in the Mongol Empire 311 The Afrocentric Challenge to Historians ofAntiquity 255 11.3 The Voyages ofZheng He 314 Eastern Predominance in the Intermediate World 416 11.4 Korea and Japan,ca.1300 321 12.1 Major Sub-Saharan African Kingdoms and States, 1200–1600 C.E. 330 12.2 Major North American Societies,600–1500 C.E. 345 12.3 South America and Mesoamerica, 900–1500C.E. 348 13.1 India and the Delhi Sultanate,ca.1300 C.E. 366 13.2 Major Southeast Asian Kingdoms,ca. 1200 C.E. 371 13.3 The Spread ofIslam in Island Southeast Asia 379 14.1 Europe During the Carolingian Empire 387 14.2 Medieval Europe,900–1300 398 14.3 Europe,1400–1500 406 SNT 3 World Religions and Trade Routes,600–1500 413 ix

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Societies, Networks, and Transitions is a world history text that connects the different regions of the world through global themes. This innovative structure combines the accessibility of a regional approach with the rigor of comparative scholarship to show students world history in a truly global
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