Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History, Volume I: To 1500

491 Pages·2007·57.27 MB·English

by  Craig A. Lockard

SOCIETIES, NETWORKS, AND TRANSITIONS
A G L O B A L H I S T O R Y
VOLUME I: TO 1500
CRAIG A. LOCKARD
University of Wisconsin—Green Bay
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY Boston New York
Senior sponsoring editor:Nancy Blaine
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Cover image:Machu Picchu,Cuzco,Peru.Stone/Getty Images.
Text credits:Ch.2,p.49:Burton Stein,A History ofIndia.Copyright © 1998 by Blackwell
Publishing.Reprinted with permission by Blackwell Publishing.Ch.3,p.61:Edited by
Ezra Pound.Translated by Noel Stock,from Love Poems ofancient Egypt.Copyright ©
1962 by Noel Stock.Reprinted by permission ofNew Directions Publishing Corp.
Ch.7,p.184:“The Great andFamous City ofMathurai.”Copyright © 1978 by Lenore
Mayhew.Used by permission ofthe translator.
Copyright © 2008 by Houghton Mifflin Company.All rights reserved.
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Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number:2006928173
ISBN 13:978-0-618-38612-3
ISBN 10:0-618-38612-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-DOW-11 10 09 08 07
BRIEF CONTENTS
Introducing World History xviii 9 Classical Societies and Regional Networks in Africa,
the Americas, and Oceania, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 226
PART I
Foundations: Ancient Societies, to ca. 600 B.C.E.
1
Classical Blossomings in World History, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
1 The Origins of Human Societies, to ca. 2000 B.C.E. 4
253
2 Ancient Societies in Mesopotamia, India, and Central
Asia, 5000–600 B.C.E. 30 PART III
3 Ancient Societies in Africa and the Mediterranean,
Expanding Horizons: Encounters and
5000–600 B.C.E. 54 Transformations in the Intermediate Era,
4 Around the Pacific Rim: Eastern Eurasia and the ca. 600–1500
Americas, 5000–600 B.C.E. 80 265
10 The Rise, Power, and Connections of the Islamic World,
600–1500 268
Ancient Foundations of World History, 4000–600 B.C.E. 11 East Asian Traditions, Transformations, and Eurasian
104 Encounters, 600–1500 298
12 Expanding Horizons in Africa and the Americas,
PART II
600–1500 326
Blossoming: The Classical Societies 13 South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and
and Their Legacies, ca. 600 B.C.E.–ca. 600 C.E. Afro-Eurasian Connections, 600–1500 356
115
14 Christian Societies in Medieval Europe, Byzantium,
5 Eurasian Connections and New Traditions in East Asia, and Russia, 600–1500 382
600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 118
6 Western Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, and Regional
Systems, 600–200 B.C.E. 144
Expanding Horizons in the Intermediate Era,
7 Classical Societies in Southern and Central Asia,
600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 172
412
8 Empires, Networks, and the Remaking of Europe,
North Africa, and Western Asia, 500 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 198
iii
333466_fm1_i-xxiv 8/4/06 12:23 PM Page iv
CONTENTS
Maps ix Later Mesopotamian Societies and Their Legacies,
Features ix 2000–600 B.C.E. 38
Preface x The Babylonians and Hittites 38 • The Assyrian Empire and
Regional Supremacy 39 • Violence and the Fall ofthe
About the Author xvi
Assyrians 39 • Mesopotamian Law 39 • Mesopotamian
Note on Spelling and Usage xvii Religion and Literature 41
Introducing World History xviii The Earliest Indian and Central Asian Societies,
6000–1500 B.C.E. 42
South Asian Environments and the Rise ofFarming 42 •
PART I Harappan Cities 43 • Harappan Society and Its Beliefs 44 •
The Harappan Economy and the Wider World 45 • The
Foundations: Ancient Societies, to ca. 600 B.C.E. Decline and Collapse ofHarappan Society 46 • Central Asian
1 Environments and Oxus Cities 46
1 The Origins of Human Societies, to ca. 2000 The Aryans and a New Indian Society,1500–1000 B.C.E. 47
B.C.E. 4 The Aryan Peoples and the Vedas 47 • Early Aryan Government,
Gender Relations,and Social Life 48 • Aryan Religion 48 •
Before Prehistory:The Cosmos,Earth,and Life 6
Aryan Expansion and State Building in North India 49
Perceptions ofCosmic Mysteries 6 • The Natural Environ-
The Mixing ofDravidian and Aryan Cultures,
ment and Early Life 7 • Evolutionary Change 7
1000–600 B.C.E. 50
The Roots ofHumanity 8
The Roots ofthe Caste System 50 • Indo-Aryan Social Life
The Earliest Hominids 8 • Homo Erectusand Migrations
and Gender Relations 51 • Indo-Aryan Technology and
Out ofAfrica 9 • The Evolution and Diversity ofHomo
Economy 52 • Hinduism:A New Religion ofDiverse Roots 52
Sapiens 10 • The Emergence ofModern Humans 11 • The
Globalization ofHuman Settlement 11 CHAPTERSUMMARY 53 KEYTERMS 53 SUGGESTEDREADING 53
The Odyssey ofEarly Human Societies 14 ■ PROFILE:HAMMURABI,THELAWGIVER 40
Hunting and Gathering 14 • Communities ofKinship and ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:HINDUVALUESINTHE
Cooperation 14 • Cultural Life and Violence 15 • The BHAGAVADGITA 51
Heritage ofHunting and Gathering 16
3
The Agricultural Transformation,10,000–4000 B.C.E. 18 Ancient Societies in Africa and the
Environmental Change and the Roots ofAgriculture 18 • The Mediterranean, 5000–600 B.C.E. 54
Great Transition to Settled Agriculture 18 • The Consequences The Rise ofEgyptian Society 56
ofSettled Agriculture 19 • The Globalization and Diversity of
North African Environments 56 • Foundations ofEgyptian
Agriculture 21 • Animal Domestication 22 • Agriculture and
Society 57 • The Rise ofEgyptian States 57 • The Old Kingdom:
Its Environmental Consequences 23
Egypt’s Golden Age 58 • The Middle Kingdom and Foreign
The Emergence ofCities and States 24 Conquest 60 • The New Kingdom and Egyptian Expansion 60
The Rise ofNew Technologies 24 • Urbanization and the Egyptian Society,Economy,and Culture 61
First Cities 24 • The Rise ofStates,Economies,and
Social Life and Organization 61 • Cities,Trade,and Regional
Recordkeeping 25 • The Rise ofPastoral Nomadism 26
Networks 63 • Science and Technology 63 • Religion 63
CHAPTERSUMMARY 27 KEYTERMS 29 SUGGESTEDREADING 29 The Roots ofSub-Saharan African Societies 64
■ PROFILE:THE!KUNGHUNTERSANDGATHERERS 17 African Environments 64 • The Expanding Sahara
■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:FOODANDFARMINGIN Desert 65 • The Origins ofAfrican Agriculture 65 • Ancient
ANCIENTCULTURALTRADITIONS 22 African Metallurgy 66
Early African States,Networks,and Migrations,
2 Ancient Societies in Mesopotamia, India, 1800–600 B.C.E. 66
and Central Asia, 5000–600 B.C.E. 30 Early Urban Societies in Nubia 67 • The Rise ofKush 67 •
Early Mesopotamian Urbanized Societies,to The Sudanic Societies and Trade Networks 68 • The
Bantu-Speaking Peoples and Their Migrations 68
2000 B.C.E. 32
Western Asian Environments 32 • Mesopotamian Early Societies and Networks ofthe Eastern
Foundations 33 • The Pioneering Sumerians 33 • Sumerian Mediterranean 71
Society and Economy 35 • Sumerian Writing and Eastern Mediterranean Environments 71 • The Hebrews and
Technology 36 • The Akkadian Empire and Its Rivals 37 Religious Innovation 71 • Minoan Crete and Regional Trade 75
iv
Contents ■■ v
• The Mycenaeans and Regional Power 76 • The Phoenicians
PART II
and Their Networks 76 • The Eclectic Roots ofGreek
Society 77 Blossoming: The Classical Societies and Their
CHAPTERSUMMARY 78 KEYTERMS 78 SUGGESTEDREADING 78 Legacies, ca. 600 B.C.E.–ca. 600 C.E.
■ PROFILE:HEKANAKHTE,ANEGYPTIANPRIEST 62 115
■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THEWORLDVIEWOFAN 5 Eurasian Connections and New Traditions in
AFRICANSOCIETY 69 East Asia, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 118
Changing China and Axial Age Thought,
4
Around the Pacific Rim: Eastern Eurasia and 600–221 B.C.E. 120
the Americas, 5000–600 B.C.E. 80 Late Zhou Conflicts 120 • Late Zhou Technology and Science
The Formation ofChinese Society,6000–1750 B.C.E. 82 121 • One Hundred Philosophical Schools 121 • Confucius
China and Its Regional Environments 82 • Early Chinese and His Legacy 122 • Daoism and Chinese Mysticism 125 •
Agriculture 83 • The First Farming Societies 84 • The Legalism and the Chinese State 125
Growth and Spread ofChinese Culture 84 Chinese Imperial Systems and Eurasian Trade 126
The Reshaping ofAncient Chinese Society, The Qin Dynasty 126 • The Qin Legacy 127 • The Han Empire
1750–600 B.C.E. 85 128 • The Silk Road and Eurasian Trade 129 • Han Govern-
The Shang Dynasty Reshapes Northern China 85 • Shang ment 129 • Heavenly Mandates and Dynastic Cycles 130
Society and Culture 87 • The Early Zhou and Their Society,Economy,and Science in Han China 131
Government 87 • Early Zhou Society and Economy 88 • The Social Life and Gender Relations 131 • The Rural Economy 132
Evolution ofChinese Writing 89 • Ancient Philosophy and • Chinese Historiography 132 • Science and Technology 133
Religion 90 China After the Han Empire:Continuity and Change 135
Ancient Southeast and Northeast Asians 91 Disunity,Invasion,and Cultural Mixing 135 • Buddhism
Southeast Asian Environments and Early Agriculture 91 • and Chinese Society 135 • China’s Eclectic Religious
Migration and New Societies in Southeast Asia and the Tradition 137 • Technology in the Post-Han Era 137 • The
Pacific 92 • Northeast Asian Environments 93 • The Sui Reunification ofChina 137
Roots ofKorean Society 94 • The Roots ofJapanese Korea,Japan,and East Asian Networks 138
Society 94 • Jomon Society 94 Korea and China 138 • Yayoi Japan 139 • Yamato:The First
Migration and Settlement in the Americas 95 Japanese National State 140 • Japanese Isolation and Cultural
Diverse American Environments 95 • The Antiquity and Unity 140 • Japanese Encounters with China 141
Migration ofNative Americans 95 • Hunting,Gathering, CHAPTERSUMMARY 142 KEYTERMS 142 SUGGESTEDREADING 143
and Ancient American Life 97 • Early Societies and Their ■ PROFILE:SIMAQIAN,CHINESEHISTORIAN 134
Cultures 97
■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THEANALECTSANDCORRECT
The Roots ofAmerican Urban Societies 99 CONFUCIANBEHAVIOR 124
The Rise ofAmerican Agriculture 99 • Diverse Farming
Patterns and Their Consequences 99 • Early Farming Societies 6
Western Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean,
100 • The Foundations ofCities and States 100 • Mesoameri-
and Regional Systems, 600–200 B.C.E. 144
can Societies:The Olmecs 101 • South American Societies:
Chavín 102 The Persians and Their Empire 146
Geography and the Early Persians 146 • Building a Regional
CHAPTERSUMMARY 103 KEYTERMS 103 SUGGESTEDREADING 103
Empire 146 • Imperial Policies and Networks 149 •
■ PROFILE:THEPOVERTYPOINTMOUNDBUILDERS 98 Zoroaster and Persian Religion 150 • Social Life and Gender
■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THEPOETRYOFPEASANTLIFE Relations 150 • The Decline ofAchaemenid Persia 151
INZHOUCHINA 89 The Emergence ofthe Greeks 152
Cities and Citizenship 152 • Trade,Warfare,and
Politics 153 • Reform,Tyranny,and Democracy in
Athens 154 • The Spartan System 155
Greek Thought,Culture,and Society 155
Religion,Rationalism,and Science 155 • Axial Age Philosophy
Ancient Foundations of World History, 4000–600 B.C.E. and Thinkers 156 • Literature 157 • Social Life and Gender
104 Relations 158
TECHNOLOGICALFOUNDATIONS 104 Greeks,Persians,and the Regional System 160
URBANANDECONOMICFOUNDATIONS 106 The Greco-Persian Wars 160 • Empire and Conflict in the Greek
POLITICALFOUNDATIONS 108 World 160 • Historiography:Universal and Critical 162 • Inter-
regional Trade 163 • Cultural Mixing in the Eastern
SOCIALANDCULTURALFOUNDATIONS 109 Mediterranean 163 • The Persian and Greek Legacies 164
■ HISTORICAL CONTROVERSY:PATRIARCHYAND The Hellenistic Age and Its Afro-Eurasian Legacies 164
MATRIARCHYINTHEANCIENTWORLD 111 Alexander the Great and World Empire 165 • Alexander’s
SUGGESTEDREADING 113 Legacy:Hellenism and New Kingdoms 166 • Cities and
vi ■■ Contents
Economic Networks 166 • Science 167 • Philosophy and Romans 214 • German Expansion and Changing Roman
Religion 169 • Hellenistic Asia and Persian Revival 169 Society 214 • The Division ofthe Roman Empire 215
CHAPTERSUMMARY 170 KEYTERMS 170 SUGGESTEDREADING 170 Christianity:From Western Asian Sect to Transregional
■ PROFILE:ARCHIMEDES,HELLENISTICMATHEMATICIAN Religion 216
ANDENGINEER 168 Roman Palestine and Jesus ofNazareth 216 • Paul and the
Shaping ofChristianity 216 • Christianity in the Mediter-
■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:GOOD,EVIL,AND
ranean Zone 218 • Augustine and Roman Christianity 218
MONOTHEISMINZOROASTRIANTHOUGHT 151
Revival in the East:Byzantines,Persians,and Arabs 220
7 Classical Societies in Southern and Central Early Byzantium and the Era ofJustinian 220 • Byzantine
Asia, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 172 Society,Gender Relations,and Economy 221 • Byzantine
Religion and Culture 222 • Sassanian Persians and Their
The Transformation ofIndian Society and Its
Networks 223 • Sassanian Religion and Culture 223 •
Religions 174
Interregional Trade,Cities,and the Arabs 224
Caste and Indian Society 174 • The Shaping of
Hinduism 176 • New Schools ofHindu Thought 177 • Jainism CHAPTERSUMMARY 225 KEYTERMS 225 SUGGESTEDREADING 225
and Buddhism 177 • Buddhist Thought 178 ■ PROFILE:HYPATIAOFALEXANDRIA,APAGAN
Eurasian Exchanges,Indian Politics,and the Mauryan PHILOSOPHER 219
Empire 180 ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THEVOICESOFCOMMON
Indian Encounters with Persians and Greeks 180 • The ROMANS 211
Imperial Mauryan State 180 • Mauryan Life,Institutions,and
Networks 182 • Ashoka and Buddhist Monarchy 182 • The 9 Classical Societies and Regional Networks
Decline ofthe Mauryas 183 in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania,
South and Central Asia After the Mauryas 183 600B.C.E.–600 C.E. 226
India,Central Asia,and the Silk Road 183 • Migrations into Classical States and Connections in Northeast Africa 228
Northwest India 184 • South India and Sri Lanka 184 • Indian Iron,Cities,and Prosperity in Kush 228 • Kush Social
Encounters with the Afro-Eurasian World 185 • Buddhist Patterns and Culture 229 • The Legacy ofKush 231 • The
Division 185 • Buddhism,Hinduism,and Christianity in Aksum Empire and Trade 231 • Aksum Society and
South Asia 186 Culture 232 • The Aksum Legacy and Ethiopian History 233
The Gupta Age in India 187 The Blossoming ofSudanic and Bantu Africa 234
Government and Economy 188 • Society and Gender Sudanic Societies,Farming,and Cities 234 • Trans-Saharan
Relations 188 • Science and Mathematics 189 • Culture Trade Networks 235 • Sudanic States and Peoples 235 • The
and the Arts 190 • Decline ofthe Guptas 190 Guinea Coast 236 • The Bantu-Speaking Peoples and Their Mi-
The Development ofSoutheast Asian Societies 190 grations 236 • Maritime Trade and the East African Coast 237
Austronesian Seafaring,Trade,and Migrations 191 • Indian- Classical Mesoamerican Societies and Networks 237
ization and Early Mainland States 192 • Funan,Zhenla, The Emergence ofthe Early Maya 238 • Maya Politics
and Champa 193 • Vietnam and Chinese and Trade 239 • Maya Social Life and Gender Relations 240 •
Colonization 194 • Economies,Societies,and Cultures 194 Maya Religion,Science,and Mathematics 240 • Monte
CHAPTERSUMMARY 196 KEYTERMS 196 SUGGESTEDREADING 196 Alban and Zapotec Society 241 • Teotihuacan:Metropolis
■ PROFILE:THETRUNGSISTERS,VIETNAMESEREBELS 195 and Hub 241
■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:BASICDOCTRINESINTHE New Societies ofSouth and North America 242
BUDDHA’SFIRSTSERMON 179 Moche and the Peruvian Coast 242 • Tiwanaku,Nazca,and
the Andean Societies 243 • Pueblo Societies ofWestern North
8 Empires, Networks, and the Remaking America 245 • The Mound Builders ofEastern North America
245 • Changing States and the Spread ofCultures 246
of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia,
500 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 198 Populating the Pacific:Australian and Island Societies 247
Australian Geography and Aboriginal Societies 247 • Aboriginal
Etruscans,Carthage,Egypt,and the Romans 200
Society,Cultures,and Trade 247 • Austronesian Expansion 248
Western European Geography 200 • The Etruscans and
• Polynesian Migrations and Societies 249 • The Austronesian
Early Rome 201 • The Roman Republic 203 • Expanding
Dispersal in the Pacific and Beyond 250
Roman Power in Italy 204 • Carthage,Egypt,and Regional
Trade 204 • The Punic Wars and Afro-Eurasian Empire 205 CHAPTERSUMMARY 251 KEYTERMS 251 SUGGESTEDREADING 251
Roman Society During the Imperial Era 206 ■ PROFILE:A MOCHELORD 244
The Decline ofthe Republic 206 • Augustus and the Pax ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:A SHOPPER’SGUIDETO
Romana 207 • Law,Citizenship,and Religion 209 • Social AKSUM 233
Life and Gender Relations 210 • Economy and Trade
Networks 210 • Literature,Architecture,and Technology 212
Celts,Germans,and Roman Decline 212
The Decline ofthe Western Roman Empire 213 • Celtic Classical Blossomings in World History, 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
Societies and the Romans 213 • German Societies and the 253
Contents ■■ vii
THEAXIALAGEOFPHILOSOPHICALSPECULATION 253 Song China and Commercial Growth 305
THEAGEOFREGIONALEMPIRES 254 Urban Life and Economic Prosperity 306 • Industry,
WORLDRELIGIONSANDTHEIRINFLUENCES 259 Technology,and Science 307 • Social Life and Gender
Relations 308 • Neo-Confucianism and Chinese
CHANGINGECONOMICANDSOCIALPATTERNS 261 Thought 308 • The Song in World History 309
■ HISTORICAL CONTROVERSY:THEAFROCENTRIC Mongol Conquest,Chinese Resurgence,and Eurasian
CHALLENGETOHISTORIANSOFANTIQUITY 255 Connections 310
SUGGESTEDREADING 264 The Mongol Empire and the Conquest ofChina 310 • Mongol
Government and Chinese Culture 310 • Mongol China
PART III and Eurasian Networks 311 • Ming Government and
Culture 313 • Ming China and the Afro-Eurasian
Expanding Horizons: Encounters and
World 313 • Ming China Turns Inward 315
Transformations in the Intermediate Era,
Cultural Adaptation in Korea and Japan 316
ca. 600–1500
Silla Korea and Tang China 316 • Korea During the Koryo
265 Era 316 • Nara Government and Its Challenges 317 • Nara
10 Culture and Thought 318 • Heian Cultural Renaissance 318 •
The Rise, Power, and Connections of the
The Decline ofHeian Japan 320
Islamic World, 600–1500 268
Changing Korea and Japan 320
Early Islam:The Origins ofa Continuous Tradition 270
Korea During the Early Yi Dynasty 320 • The Warrior Class and
The Middle Eastern Sources ofIslam 270 • The Prophet
a New Japanese Society 322 • The Shogunates 322 • Japanese
Muhammad and His Revelations 271 • Emigration and
Society,Religion,and Culture 323 • Japanese Political and
Triumph 272 • The Appeal ofMuhammad’s Message 274 •
Economic Change 323
Islamic Beliefs and Society 275
CHAPTERSUMMARY 324 KEYTERMS 324 SUGGESTEDREADING 324
Arab Expansion and the Spread ofIslam 276
■ PROFILE:LADYMURASAKI,AHEIANNOVELIST 319
Arab Conquests and the Making ofan Islamic World 276 • The
Making ofa Universal Religion 277 • Islamic Government ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:LIFEINTHECHINESECAPITAL
and Law 278 • Agricultural Productivity and the Spread of CITY 307
Crops 278
12
Early Islamic States and Empires 278 Expanding Horizons in Africa and the
Early Imperial Caliphates:Unity and Strife 279 • The Americas, 600–1500 326
Sunni-Shi’a Split 280 • Arabian Nights:The Abbasid Caliphate The Power ofWest African States 328
280 • Imperial Rule and Urbanization 281 • Abbasid Decline Trade and the Expansion ofIslam in the Sudan 328 • The First
and the End ofArab Empire 281 • Cultural Mixing in Muslim Sudanic Kingdom:Ghana 329 • Mali:Islam and Regional
Sicily and Spain 282 Power 331 • The Songhai Empire 331 • The Hausa City-
Cultural Hallmarks ofIslam:Theology,Society,and States 333 • Kingdoms ofthe Guinea Coast 333
Science 284 Expanding Bantu Societies 335
Theology,Sufism,and Religious Practice 284 • Social Life and The Bantu Diaspora 335 • Islam,Trade,and East African
Gender Relations 285 • Pen and Brush:Writing and the Visual Cities 335 • East African Commerce 336 • Islam and Swahili
Arts 286 • Science and Learning 286 • Social Science and Culture 336 • Zimbabwe and International Trade 336 • The
Historiography 289 Kongo Kingdom 337
Globalized Islam and Middle Eastern Political African Society,Thought,and Economy 338
Change 289 Stateless Societies 338 • Gender and Social Patterns 338 •
The Global Shape ofDar al-Islam 289 • Turks and Crusaders Religious Traditions 339 • Literature and the Arts 339 •
291 • Mongol Conquests and the Black Death 292 • The Rise Agriculture and Trade 340 • Africans,Arab Slave Traders,and
ofMuslim Military States 293 • The Ottoman Empire 294 • the Portuguese 340
Islamic Contributions to World History 295 American Societies in Transition 341
CHAPTERSUMMARY 296 KEYTERMS 296 SUGGESTEDREADING 296 The Collapse ofthe Classical States 342 • The Zenith and Decline
■ PROFILE:IBNBATTUTA,AMUSLIMTRAVELER 288 ofthe Maya 342 • The Toltecs and Chimu 343 • PuebloSoci-
eties 344 • The Mississippian Culture and Cahokia 346 • The
■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THEHOLYBOOK,GOD,AND
Eastern Woodlands Societies 346
THEPROPHETINTHEQURAN 273
The American Empires and Their Challenges 347
11 The Aztec Empire,Religion,and Warfare 347 • Aztec Economy
East Asian Traditions, Transformations, and
and Society 349 • The Inca Imperial System 351 • Inca
Eurasian Encounters, 600–1500 298
Political Economy,Society,and Technology 351 • American
Tang China:The Hub ofthe East 300 Societies and Their Connections 353
The Tang Empire and Eurasian Exchange 300 • Imperial
CHAPTERSUMMARY 354 KEYTERMS 354 SUGGESTEDREADING 354
Government and Economic Growth 301 • Religion,Science,
and Technology 303 • The Arts and Literature 304 • Changes ■ PROFILE:SUNDIATA,IMPERIALFOUNDER 332
in the Late Tang Dynasty 305 ■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:ANAZTECMARKET 350
viii ■■ Contents
Medieval Societies 390
13
South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast The Emergence ofFeudalism 390 • Manorialism and the Slave
Asia, and Afro-Eurasian Connections, Trade 391 • Medieval Cities and Towns 392 • Merchants
600–1500 356 and Expanding Trade 393 • Family Life and Gender
Hindu Politics and Indian Society 358 Relations 394 • Outsiders 395
Unity and Disunity in Hindu Politics 358 • Villages and Cities Medieval Religion,Politics,and Thought 395
359 • Hindu Social Life and Gender Relations 360 • Science The Church as a Social and Political Force 396 • Medieval Beliefs
and Mathematics 361 and the Environment 397 • New European States 397 • The
Hinduism and Buddhism in South and Central Asia 362 Crusading Tradition 399 • Intellectual Life and Literature 399
Hindu Diversity and a Common Culture 362 • The Hindu Eastern Europe:Byzantines,Slavs,and Mongols 401
Renaissance 363 • Decline and Change in Indian Byzantium and Its Eurasian Rivals 401 • Byzantine Economy,
Buddhism 363 • State Building and Buddhism in Tibet 364 Religion,and Society 402 • Byzantium and the Slavs 402 •
The Coming ofIslam to India and Central Asia 364 Russians and Mongols 403
Early Islamic Encounters 364 • Islamic Expansion and the Late Medieval Europe and the Roots ofExpansion 404
Delhi Sultanate 366 • Hindu Politics and Culture 367 • The The Black Death and Social Change 404 • Warfare and
Impact ofTamerlane 368 • Muslim Rule and the Reshaping of Political Centralization 407 • Crisis in the Church 408 •
Indian Life 368 Hemispheric Connections,the Renaissance,and
Cultural Adaptation and New Southeast Asian Technology 408 • Population and Economic Growth 409 •
The Portuguese and Maritime Exploration 410
Societies 370
Indianized Kingdoms 370 • Indianized Social and Cultural CHAPTERSUMMARY 411 KEYTERMS 411 SUGGESTEDREADING 411
Patterns 370 • The Angkor Empire 371 • Angkor Religion ■ PROFILE:HELOISE,AFRENCHSCHOLARANDNUN 400
and Society 373 • Indianized Urban Societies in Java and
■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:A LITERARYVIEWOFLATE
Sumatra 374 • International Influences and the Decline ofthe
MEDIEVALPEOPLE 407
Indianized States 375
Changing Southeast Asian Societies 376
Theravada Buddhist Society in Siam 376 • Vietnamese
Society 377 • Islam,Maritime Networks,and the Malay Expanding Horizons in the Intermediate Era,
World 378 • Melaka:Crossroads ofTrade 380 • Southeast 600 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
Asia and the Wider World 380
412
CHAPTERSUMMARY 381 KEYTERMS 381 SUGGESTEDREADING 381 INCREASINGECONOMICEXCHANGE 412
■ PROFILE:PWASAW,ABURMESEQUEEN 372 UNIVERSALRELIGIONSANDSOCIALCHANGE 415
■ WITNESS TO THE PAST:THESONGSOFKABIR 369 THEMONGOLEMPIREANDHEMISPHERICCONNECTIONS 420
14 DISASTERANDDYNAMISMINTHELATEINTERMEDIATEERA 422
Christian Societies in Medieval Europe,
Byzantium, and Russia, 600–1500 382 ■ HISTORICAL CONTROVERSY:EASTERNPREDOMINANCE
INTHEINTERMEDIATEWORLD 416
Forming Christian Societies in Western Europe 384
Environment and Geography 384 • Christians and SUGGESTEDREADING 423
Germans 385 • The Frankish and Holy Roman
Glossary G–1
Empires 386 • Vikings and Other Invaders 388 • Early
Notes N–1
Medieval Trade,the Muslim World,and Spain 389 • Technology,
Agricultural Growth,and Industry 389 Index I–1
MAPS AND FEATURES
■ MAPS ■ PROFILE
1.1 Spread ofModern Humans Around the Globe 12 The !Kung Hunters and Gatherers 17
1.2 The Origins ofAgriculture 20 Hammurabi,the Law Giver 40
1.3 The Indo-European Migrations and Eurasian Hekanakhte,an Egyptian Priest 62
Pastoralism 28
The Poverty Point Mound Builders 98
2.1 Ancient Mesopotamia 34
Sima Qian,Chinese Historian 134
2.2 Harappan Culture and Aryan Migrations 43
Archimedes,Hellenistic Mathematician and Engineer 168
3.1 Ancient Egypt and Nubia 58
The Trung Sisters,Vietnamese Rebels 195
3.2 Bantu Migrations and Early Africa 70
3.3 The Ancient Eastern Mediterranean 72 Hypatia ofAlexandria,a Pagan Philosopher 219
4.1 Shang and Zhou China 86 A Moche Lord 244
4.2 The Austronesian Diaspora 93 Ibn Battuta,a Muslim Traveler 288
4.3 Olmec and Chavín Societies 101 Lady Murasaki,Heian Novelist 319
SNT 1 Metals and Great States,ca.1000 B.C.E. 105 Sundiata,Imperial Founder 332
5.1 China in the Sixth Century B.C.E. 122 Pwa Saw,a Burmese Queen 372
5.2 The Han Empire 128 Heloise,a French Scholar and Nun 400
5.3 Korea and Japan in the Fifth Century C.E. 139
6.1 The Persian Empire,ca.500 B.C.E. 148
■ WITNESS TO THE PAST
6.2 Classical Greece,ca.450B.C.E. 153
6.3 The Hellenistic Kingdoms 167 Food and Farming in Ancient Cultural Traditions 22
7.1 The Mauryan Empire,322–185 B.C.E. 181 Hindu Values in the Bhagavad Gita 51
7.2 The Spread ofBuddhism in Asia,100–800 C.E. 187 The Worldview ofan African Society 69
7.3 Funan and Its Neighbors 193 The Poetry ofPeasant Life in Zhou China 89
8.1 Italy and the Western Mediterranean, The Analectsand Correct Confucian Behavior 124
600–200 B.C.E. 202 Good,Evil,and Monotheism in Zoroastrian Thought 151
8.2 The Roman Empire,ca.120 C.E. 208 Basic Doctrines in the Buddha’s First Sermon 179
8.3 Spread ofChristianity 217
The Voices ofCommon Romans 211
8.4 The Byzantine and Sassanian Empires 223
A Shopper’s Guide to Aksum 233
9.1 Classical Africa,1500 B.C.E.–600 C.E. 230
The Holy Book,God,and the Prophet in the Quran 273
9.2 Classical Societies in the Americas 238
Life in the Chinese Capital City 307
9.3 Pacific Migrations in the Classical Era 250
SNT 2 Great Empires and Trade Routes 258 An Aztec Market 350
10.1 Expansion ofIslam,to 750 C.E. 277 The Songs ofKabir 369
10.2 The Abbasid Empire,ca.800 C.E. 281 A Literary View ofLate Medieval People 407
10.3 Dar al-Islam and Trade Routes,ca.1500C.E. 290
10.4 The Ottoman Empire,1566 293 ■ HISTORICAL CONTROVERSY
11.1 The Tang Empire,ca.700 C.E. 302 Patriarchy and Matriarchy in the Ancient World 111
11.2 China in the Mongol Empire 311
The Afrocentric Challenge to Historians ofAntiquity 255
11.3 The Voyages ofZheng He 314
Eastern Predominance in the Intermediate World 416
11.4 Korea and Japan,ca.1300 321
12.1 Major Sub-Saharan African Kingdoms and States,
1200–1600 C.E. 330
12.2 Major North American Societies,600–1500 C.E. 345
12.3 South America and Mesoamerica,
900–1500C.E. 348
13.1 India and the Delhi Sultanate,ca.1300 C.E. 366
13.2 Major Southeast Asian Kingdoms,ca.
1200 C.E. 371
13.3 The Spread ofIslam in Island Southeast Asia 379
14.1 Europe During the Carolingian Empire 387
14.2 Medieval Europe,900–1300 398
14.3 Europe,1400–1500 406
SNT 3 World Religions and Trade Routes,600–1500 413
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