Social Perception from Individuals to Groups PDF
Preview Social Perception from Individuals to Groups
SOCIAL PERCEPTION FROM INDIVIDUALS TO GROUPS This volume focuses on social perception, the processing of information about people. This issue has always been central to social psychology, but this book brings together literatures that in large part have been separated by the nature of the social target that is involved. Historically, research on person perception developed quite independently from research involving perceptions of groups. Whereas the former research generally focused on the cognitive processes involved in forming impressions of individuals, research on group perception examined the content of stereotypes and the conditions under which they are used in social judgment. There has been little overlap in the theories and methods of these subfi elds, and different researchers were central in each. The chapters in this book highlight research and theorizing about social perception, exploring the processes involved in social perception from persons to groups. Some chapters describe work that was originally developed in person perception but is being extended to understanding groups. Other chapters illustrate how some processes studied in the domain of stereotyping also affect perceptions of individual persons. Finally, other chapters focus on variables that affect perceptions and judgments of both indi- viduals and groups, proving opportunities for greater recognition of the common set of factors that are central to all types of social perception. The groundbreaking book provides essential reading for upper-level courses on social cognition or social perception and could also serve as an auxiliary text in courses on interpersonal perception/relations and courses on stereotyping/intergroup relations. Steven J. Stroessner is the Ann Whitney Olin Professor of Psychology at Barnard College, Columbia University, New York City, having earned his PhD in social/per- sonality psychology from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1992. His research examines cognitive, motivation, and affective factors underlying stereotyping and prejudice. Jeffrey W. Sherman is a professor of psychology at the University of California, Davis, having earned his PhD in social psychology from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1994. His research interests are in the cognitive processes underlying social psychology and behavior. In particular, he studies how people perceive themselves, other people, and groups of people. He is currently editor of the journal S ocial Cognition . This page intentionally left blank SOCIAL PERCEPTION FROM INDIVIDUALS TO GROUPS Edited by Steven J. Stroessner and Jeffrey W. Sherman First published 2015 by Psychology Press 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Psychology Press 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Psychology Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Taylor & Francis The right of Steven J. Stroessner and Jeffrey W. Sherman to be identifi ed as Editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested. ISBN: 978-1-138-83789-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-83790-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-73479-8 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS List of Contributors vii PART I Introduction 1 1 Social Perception From Individuals to Groups: An Introduction 3 Jeffrey W. Sherman and Steven J. Stroessner 2 Dave and Me: A History of Our Collaboration 8 Steven J. Sherman PART II Perceiving Persons: Impression Formation 27 3 The Mental Representation of Persons, Events, and Behavioral Mindsets 29 Robert S. Wyer Jr. 4 Causes and Causal Attributions: Questions Raised by Dave Hamilton and Spontaneous Trait Inferences 52 James S. Uleman vi Contents 5 From Idiosyncratic Impressions to Distributed Impressions of Others: A Case for Collaborative Person Memory 71 Leonel Garcia-Marques and Margarida Vaz Garrido PART III Perceiving Persons and Groups: Processes in Impression Formation and Stereotyping 91 6 When Literatures Collide: Synergies Between Stereotyping and Impression Formation 93 Donal E. Carlston and Erica D. Schneid 7 Variations on a Theme: Attentional Processes in Group and Individual Perception 125 Jeffrey W. Sherman, Lisa M. Huang, and Dario L. M. Sacchi 8 Two (or More?) Cognitive Approaches to Stereotype Formation: Biased or Reality Based? 141 Russell Spears and Wolfgang Stroebe PART IV Perceiving Groups: Entitativity 159 9 Motivated Entitativity: When We’d Rather See the Forest Than the Trees 161 Marilynn B. Brewer 10 Inferring Group Traits and Group Goals: A Unifi ed Approach to Social Perception 177 Steven J. Stroessner and Carol S. Dweck 11 Generalization Processes in Collective Responsibility and Intergroup Confl ict 197 Brian Lickel and Mayuko Onuki 12 Essentialism in Language: Plagiarizing David Hamilton 213 Anne Maass, Andrea Carnaghi, and Tamara Rakić Index 229 CONTRIBUTORS Marilynn B. Brewer, Ohio State University (Professor Emeritus), USA Donal E. Carlston, Purdue University, USA Andrea Carnaghi, University of Padova, Italy Carol S. Dweck, Stanford University, Stanford, USA Leonel Garcia-Marques, University of Lisbon, Portugal Lisa M. Huang, University of California, Davis, USA Brian Lickel, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA Anne Maass, University of Padova, Italy Mayuko Onuki, University of Southern California, USA Tamara Rakic’, Lancaster University, UK Dario L. M. Sacchi, University of California, Davis, USA Erica D. Schneid, Purdue University, USA Jeffrey W. Sherman, University of California, Davis, USA viii Contributors Steven J. Sherman, Indiana University Russell Spears, University of Groningen, the Netherlands Wolfgang Stroebe, Utrecht University, University of Groningen, the Netherlands Steven J. Stroessner, Barnard College, Columbia University, USA James S. Uleman, New York University, USA Margarida Vaz Garrido, CIS/ISCTE–University Institute of Lisbon , Portugal Robert S. Wyer Jr., University of Illinois (Professor Emeritus), USA PART I Introduction
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