Table Of Content

Social Change Globalization from the Stone Age to the Present Christopher Chase-Dunn Bruce Lerro First published 2014 by Paradigm Publishers Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2014 , Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chase-Dunn, Christopher K. Social change : globalization from the stone age to the present / Christopher Chase-Dunn and Bruce Lerro. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61205-328-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Social history. 2. Civilization—History. 3. Social change. 4. Social evolution. I. Lerro, Bruce, 1948– II. Title. HN13.C43 2013 306.09—dc23 2013011372 ISBN 978-1-61205-328-8 (pbk) We would like to dedicate this book to the emerging generation of world citizens who will rise to solve the problems humanity has created for itself in the twenty-first century. This page intentionally left blank Brief Contents List of Figures and Tables xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxxi Part I The Framework 1 Chapter 1 History and Social Evolution 3 Chapter 2 The Comparative World-Systems Approach 18 Chapter 3 Biological Bases of Social Evolution 31 Chapter 4 Building a Social Self: The Macro-Micro Link 50 Part II Stateless Systems 73 Chapter 5 World-Systems of Foragers 75 Chapter 6 The Gardeners 91 Web Chapter Indigenous North American World-Systems before the Rise of Chiefs Chapter 7 The Sacred Chiefs 104 Part III State-Based Systems 129 Chapter 8 The Temple and the Palace 131 Chapter 9 Public Spaces, Self, and Cognitive Evolution in Early States 148 v vi Brief Contents Chapter 10 The Early Empires: Semiperipheral Conquerors and Capitalist City- States 172 Chapter 11 The Central System 186 Part IV The Long Rise of Capitalism 201 Chapter 12 The Long Rise of the West 205 Chapter 13 The Modern World- System 227 Chapter 14 The Early Modern Systems in the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries 240 Chapter 15 The Global Nineteenth Century 260 Chapter 16 Public Spaces, Individualism, and Cognition in the Modern Age 284 Chapter 17 The Twentieth- Century Age of Extremes 312 Chapter 18 The World-System since 1945: Another Wave of Globalization, Hegemony, and Revolutions 326 Chapter 19 Late Globalization: The Early Twenty-First Century 344 Chapter 20 The Next Three Futures: Another Round of US Hegemony, Global Collapse, or Global Democracy? 359 Glossary 375 Bibliography 381 Index 407 About the Authors 433 Contents List of Figures and Tables xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxxi Part I The Framework 1 Chapter 1 History and Social Evolution 3 Science and Objectivity 3 Humanism and Values 4 The Comparative Method 5 Types of Evidence 6 Sociocultural Evolution 7 Sociocultural Evolution versus Biological Evolution 7 Teleology and Unilinear Evolution 9 Progress and Sociocultural Evolution 11 Theories of Social Change 12 Institutional Materialism 13 Suggested Readings 17 Chapter 2 The Comparative World-Systems Approach 18 World-Systems 18 Spatial Boundaries of World- Systems 20 Core/Periphery Relations 21 Modes of Accumulation 24 Patterns and Causes of Social Evolution 26 Suggested Readings 30 vii viii Contents Chapter 3 Biological Bases of Social Evolution 31 Learning, Sociality, and Culture 31 Expansion of Emotional Range 32 From Animal Calls to Human Language 32 Nonhuman Animal Minds 33 Animal Minds and Group Size 33 Grooming Sustains Coalition Formation 34 From Grooming to Verbal Language 35 Orders of Intentionality 35 Emergence of Hypothetical Thinking 37 Primate Evolution: From Forests to the Savanna 38 Chimpanzee Material Culture 40 Bipedalization as an Adaptive Response to Drier, More Open Climates 40 Rewiring the Brain for Social Life 41 New Mating Practices 42 From Prehuman to Protohuman Species 42 Ardipithecus 42 Australopithecines 43 Homo habilis 43 Homo erectus 44 Homo neanderthalensis 45 Visual Communication Predominates among Protohumans 46 Homo sapiens 46 Primate Evolution in Review 47 Suggested Readings 49 Chapter 4 Building a Social Self: The Macro-Micro Link 50 The Social- Individual Dialectic 50 Human Nature 51 Agents of Socialization 54 Family 54 Education 55 Peers 55 Mass Media 56 Religion 56 The State (Nationalism) 56 Sports 57 Socializing Mechanisms 58 Building a Social Self 59 Layers of Identity 59 Types of Situations 61 Roles Are Not Static 62 Learning to Think Abstractly 63 Role Conflicts 64 Focused and Unfocused Occasions 65 Focused Occasions 65 Unfocused Occasions 66 Breaches in Public Order 66 No-Man’s-Land 67 Forms of Repair 68 Varieties of Selves: Collectivist versus Individualist 68 Collectivist or Individualist Selves? 68 The Self and Social Movements 71 Suggested Readings 72 Contents ix Part II Stateless Systems 73 Chapter 5 World-Systems of Foragers 75 Expansion and Incorporation 78 Settlement Systems 79 Paleolithic Hunter- Gatherers: Cultural and Social Institutions 81 Sedentary Hunter- Gatherer World- Systems 85 The Wintu and Their Neighbors 87 Suggested Readings 90 Chapter 6 The Gardeners 91 The Biophysical Ecology of Egalitarian Horticulturalists 91 Material Organization of Neolithic Simple Horticultural Societies 93 Environmental Psychology of Hunter- Gatherers and Simple Horticulturalists 96 Places and Territories 96 Impact of Enclosed Parochial Places: Witchcraft, Hospitality, and Kin Groups 97 Time and Space 99 The Self in Hunter- Gatherer and Horticultural Egalitarian Societies: Horizontal Collectivist Selves 100 From Simple to Complex Horticulture 102 Hunters Once Again: The Abandonment of Horticulture 102 Suggested Readings 103 Web Chapter Indigenous North American World-Systems before the Rise of Chiefs Chapter 7 The Sacred Chiefs 104 Rise and Fall 104 Chiefdom Formation 105 Core/Periphery Relations in Interchiefdom Systems 109 Chiefdoms in Ancient Southwest Asia 109 The Chesapeake System in the Time of Captain Smith 109 Bounding the Chesapeake Interaction Networks 110 The Bulk Goods Network 110 The Prestige Goods Network 111 The Political- Military Network 112 Ethnogeography 116