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a LANGE medical book Smith & Tanagho’s General Urology NINETEENTH EDITION Edited by Jack W. McAninch, MD, FACS, FRCS(E)(Hon) Professor of Urology University of California School of Medicine Chief, Department of Urology San Francisco General Hospital San Francisco, California Tom F. Lue, MD, FACS, ScD (Hon) Professor of Urology Department of Urology University of California School of Medicine San Francisco, California New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto McAninch_FM_pi-xii.indd 1 11/02/20 11:21 AM Copyright © 2020 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. Contents Contributors vii 10 Laparoscopic Surgery 149 Preface xi David B. Bayne, MD, MPH; J. Stuart Wolf, Jr., MD, FACS; 1 Anatomy of the Genitourinary Tract 1 Marshall L. Stoller, MD; & Thomas Chi, MD Emil A. Tanagho, MD; & Tom F. Lue, MD, ScD (Hon), FACS 11 Robotic Surgery in Urology 167 Maxwell V. Meng, MD, MPH 2 Embryology of the Genitourinary System 17 Emil A. Tanagho, MD; Hiep T. Nguyen, MD; 12 Urinary Obstruction & Stasis 177 & Michael DiSandro, MD Marshall L. Stoller, MD; & Tom F. Lue, MD, FACS, ScD (Hon) 3 Symptoms of Disorders of the Genitourinary Tract 31 13 Vesicoureteral Reflux 191 Benjamin N. Breyer, MD, MAS, FACS Thomas W. Gaither, MD, MAS; & Hillary L. Copp, MD, MS 4 Physical Examination of the Genitourinary Tract 41 14 Bacterial Infections of the Maxwell V. Meng, MD, MPH; & Genitourinary Tract 201 Emil A. Tanagho, MD Mary K. Wang, MD; & Hillary L. Copp, MD, MS 5 Urologic Laboratory Examination 49 Anobel Y. Odisho, MD, MPH; 15 Specific Infections of the Sima P. Porten, MD, MPH; & Genitourinary Tract 229 Kirsten L. Greene, MD, MS Emil A. Tanagho, MD; & Christopher J. Kane, MD, FACS 6 Radiology of the Urinary Tract 63 16 Sexually Transmitted Infections 243 Daniela Franz, MD; Scott Gerst, MD; & Hedvig Hricak, MD, PhD Kristin Madden, PharmD; Amanda B. Reed-Maldonado, MD, FACS; & John N. Krieger, MD 7 Vascular Interventional Radiology 107 Ryan Kohlbrenner, MD; & Roy L. Gordon, MD 17 Urinary Stone Disease 259 Marshall L. Stoller, MD 8 Retrograde Instrumentation of the Urinary Tract 117 18 Injuries to the Genitourinary Tract 291 Marshall L. Stoller, MD Benjamin N. Breyer, MD, MAS, FACS 9 Percutaneous Endourology and Ureterorenoscopy 129 19 Urothelial Carcinoma: Cancers of the Bladder, Ureter, and Renal Pelvis 309 David B. Bayne, MD, MPH; Joachim W. Thüroff, MD; Badrinath R. Konety, MD, MBA; & Rolf Gillitzer, MD; & Thomas Chi, MD Peter R. Carroll, MD, MPH iii McAninch_FM_pi-xii.indd 3 11/02/20 11:21 AM iv ConTenTS 20 Renal Parenchymal Neoplasms 329 31 Disorders of the Adrenal Glands 509 Anobel Y. Odisho, MD, MPH; & Michelle L. McDonald, MD; & Kirsten L. Greene, MD, MS Christopher J. Kane, MD, FACS 21 Cancer of the Prostate Gland 351 32 Disorders of the Kidneys 521 Matthew R. Cooperberg, MD, MPH; David B. Bayne, MD, MPH; Samuel L. Washington III, MD; & Jack W. McAninch, MD, FACS, FRCS(E)(Hon); & Peter R. Carroll, MD, MPH Thomas Chi, MD 22 Genital Tumors 377 33 Diagnosis of Medical Renal Diseases 539 Sima P. Porten, MD, MPH; & Brian K. Lee, MD; & Flavio G. Vincenti, MD Joseph C. Presti, Jr., MD 34 Acute Kidney Injury and Oliguria 551 23 Urinary Diversion and Brian K. Lee, MD; & Flavio G. Vincenti, MD Bladder Substitutions 391 Maxwell V. Meng, MD, MPH; 35 Chronic Kidney Disease and Susan Barbour, RN, MS, WOCN; & Renal Replacement Therapy 557 Peter R. Carroll, MD, MPH Brian K. Lee, MD; & Flavio G. Vincenti, MD 24 Systemic Therapy of Urologic Tumors 407 Vadim S. Koshkin, MD; & Eric J. Small, MD 36 Renal Transplantation 563 John M. Barry, MD 25 Immunotherapy in Urologic Malignancies 415 37 Disorders of the Ureter and Arpita Desai, MD; & Eric J. Small, MD Ureteropelvic Junction 571 Barry A. Kogan, MD 26 Radiotherapy of Urologic Tumors 421 38 Disorders of the Bladder, Prostate, Yun Rose Li, MD, PhD; and Seminal Vesicles 585 Alexander R. Gottschalk, MD, PhD; & Mack Roach III, MD Samuel L. Washington III, MD; & Katsuto Shinohara, MD 27 Neurophysiology and Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract 453 39 Male Sexual Dysfunction 605 Karl-Erik Andersson, MD, PhD Amanda B. Reed-Maldonado, MD, FACS; & Tom F. Lue, MD 28 Neurogenic Bladder 473 40 Women’s Sexual Health 631 Anne M. Suskind, MD, MS, FACS Alan W. Shindel, MD, MAS; & Tami S. Rowen, MD, MS 29 Urodynamics 485 Anne M. Suskind, MD, MS, FACS 41 Disorders of the Penis and Male Urethra 645 30 Urinary Incontinence 499 Benjamin N. Breyer, MD, MAS, FACS; & Tom F. Lue, MD, FACS, ScD (Hon); & Jack W. McAninch, MD, FACS, FRCS(E)(Hon) Emil A. Tanagho, MD McAninch_FM_pi-xii.indd 4 11/02/20 11:21 AM ConTenTS v 42 Disorders of the Female Urethra 659 46 Genital Gender-Affirming Surgery: Patient Care, Decision Making, and Donna Y. Deng, MD, MS Surgery Options 747 43 Disorders of Sex Development 671 Maurice M. Garcia, MD, MAS Laurence S. Baskin, MD 47 History and Physical Examination in Pediatric Urology 769 44 Male Infertility 703 Michael DiSandro, MD Thomas J. Walsh, MD, MS; & James F. Smith, MD, MS 48 Introduction to Clinical Research Design 781 45 The Aging Male 735 June M. Chan, ScD; David Tat, DO; & James F. Smith, MD, MS; Stacey Kenfield, ScD Bogdana Schmidt, MD, MPH; & Thomas J. Walsh, MD, MS Index 793 McAninch_FM_pi-xii.indd 5 11/02/20 11:21 AM This page intentionally left blank McAninch_FM_pi-xii.indd 6 11/02/20 11:21 AM Contributors Karl-Erik Andersson, MD, PhD June M. Chan, ScD Institute for Regenerative Medicine Program Director, Genitourinary Cancer Epidemiology and Wake Forest University School of Medicine Population Sciences Winston Salem, North Carolina Department of Urology UCSF School of Medicine Susan Barbour, RN, MS, WOCN San Francisco, California Palliative Care Services UCSF School of Medicine Thomas Chi, MD San Francisco, California Associate Professor and Katzman Endowed Professor in Clinical Urology John M. Barry, MD Department of Urology Professor of Urology and Professor of Surgery UCSF School of Medicine Division of Abdominal Organ Transplantation San Francisco, California Organ Health and Science University Portland, Oregon Matthew R. Cooperberg, MD, MPH Associate Professor Laurence S. Baskin, MD Department of Urology Chief of Pediatric Urology Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California Children’s Medical Center UCSF School of Medicine UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, California San Francisco, California Attending Urologist Hillary L. Copp, MD, MS Children’s Hospital Oakland Associate Professor of Urology and Pediatric Urology Oakland, California Fellowship Director Benioff Children’s Hospital David B. Bayne, MD, MPH UCSF School of Medicine Endourology Fellow San Francisco, California Department of Urology UCSF School of Medicine Donna Y. Deng, MD, MS San Francisco, California Neurourology Lead, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Benjamin N. Breyer, MD, MAS, FACS Medical Director, Kaiser NorCal Regional Spina Bifida Associate Professor and Vice Chair Program Department of Urology Associate Fellowship Director, Female Pelvic Medicine UCSF School of Medicine Reconstructive Surgery, Kaiser East Bay/UCSF San Francisco, California Oakland, California Peter R. Carroll, MD, MPH Arpita Desai, MD Professor Clinical Instructor Ken and Donna Derr-Chevron Endowed Chair in Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology Prostate Cancer Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center Department of Urology UCSF School of Medicine UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, California San Francisco, California vii McAninch_FM_pi-xii.indd 7 11/02/20 11:21 AM viii ConTribUTorS Michael DiSandro, MD Kirsten L. Greene, MD, MS Professor of Urology Professor and Chair Department of Urology Department of Urology UCSF School of Medicine University of Virginia San Francisco, California Charlottesville, Virginia Daniela Franz, MD Hedvig Hricak, MD, PhD Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Chair Klinikum rechts der Isar Department of Radiology Munich Technical University Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Munich, Germany Professor of Radiology Cornell University Thomas W. Gaither, MD, MAS New York, New York Urology resident University of California Christopher J. Kane, MD, FACS Los Angeles, California Dean of Clinical Affairs UC San Diego School of Medicine Maurice M. Garcia, MD, MAS CEO, UC San Diego Health Physician Group Associate Professor of Urology and Anatomy (Adjunct) La Jolla, California Departments of Urology and Anatomy UCSF Medical Center Stacey A. Kenfield, ScD San Francisco, California Associate Professor Director, Cedars-Sinai Transgender Surgery and Department of Urology Health Program UCSF School of Medicine Division of Urology San Francisco, California Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California Barry A. Kogan, MD Professor, Surgery and Pediatrics Scott Gerst, MD Falk Chair in Urology Associate Attending Physician Albany Medical College Department of Radiology Albany, New York Memorial Hospital, Memorial Sloane-Kettering Cancer Center Ryan Kohlbrenner, MD New York, New York Assistant Professor of Interventional Radiology Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging Rolf Gillitzer, MD UCSF School of Medicine Clinical Director San Francisco, California Department of Urology Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz Badrinath R. Konety, MD, MBA Mainz, Germany Associate Dean for Innovation Professor of Urology Roy L. Gordon, MD Director of the Institute for Prostate and Urologic Cancers Professor of Interventional Radiology University of Iowa Department of Radiology Iowa City, Iowa UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, California Vadim S. Koshkin, MD Assistant Clinical Professor Alexander R. Gottschalk, MD, PhD Genitourinary Medical Oncologist Professor of Radiation Oncology Departments of Hematology and Oncology Director of CyberKnife UCSF School of Medicine Departments of Radiation and Oncology San Francisco, California UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, California McAninch_FM_pi-xii.indd 8 11/02/20 11:21 AM ConTribUTorS ix John N. Krieger, MD Anobel Y. Odisho, MD, MPH Professor of Urology Assistant Professor University of Washington School of Medicine Department of Urologic Oncology Seattle, Washington UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, California Brian K. Lee, MD Professor of Medicine Sima P. Porten, MD, MPH The Connie Frank Kidney Transplant Center Assistant professor UCSF School of Medicine Department of Urology San Francisco, California UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, California Yun Rose Li, MD, PhD Resident Physician Joseph C. Presti, Jr., MD Departments of Radiation and Oncology Lead for Urologic Oncology UCSF School of Medicine Kaiser Permanente Northern California San Francisco, California Oakland, California Tom F. Lue, MD, FACS, ScD (Hon) Amanda B. Reed-Maldonado, MD, FACS Professor of Urology Chief, Male Reproductive Urology Emil Tanagho Endowed Chair in Clinical Urology Department of Urology Department of Urology Tripler Army Medical Center UCSF School of Medicine Honolulu, Hawaii San Francisco, California Mack Roach III, MD Kristin Madden, PharmD Professor of Radiation Oncology and Urology Pharmacist Department of Urology Department of Veterans Affairs UCSF School of Medicine San Antonio, Texas San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center San Francisco, California Jack W. McAninch, MD, FACS, FRCS(E)(Hon) Professor of Urology Tami S. Rowen, MD, MS UCSF School of Medicine Assistant Professor San Francisco, California Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences Michelle L. McDonald, MD UCSF School of Medicine Urologist San Francisco, California San Diego, California Bogdana Schmidt, MD, MPH Maxwell V. Meng, MD, MPH Urologic Oncology Fellow Professor Stanford University Medical Center Department of Urology Stanford, California UCSF School of Medicine San Francisco, California Alan W. Shindel, MD, MAS Associate Professor Hiep T. Nguyen, MD Department of Urology Associate Professor University of California Surgery and Urology Davis, California Harvard Medical School and Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts McAninch_FM_pi-xii.indd 9 11/02/20 11:21 AM