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Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids: Power Management, Energy Management, and Power Quality Control PDF

419 Pages·2022·15.138 MB·English
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(cid:2) SmartHybridAC/DCMicrogrids (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids Power Management, Energy Management, and Power Quality Control Yunwei Ryan Li Farzam Nejabatkhah (cid:2) (cid:2) Hao Tian (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2023 ©2023JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem, ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerial fromthistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofYunweiRyanLi,FarzamNejabatkhah,andHaoTiantobeidentifiedastheauthors ofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. RegisteredOffices JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK EditorialOffice TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWiley productsvisitusatwww.wiley.com. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Some contentthatappearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinother formats. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty Inviewofongoingresearch,equipmentmodifications,changesingovernmentalregulations, (cid:2) (cid:2) andtheconstantflowofinformationrelatingtotheuseofexperimentalreagents,equipment, anddevices,thereaderisurgedtoreviewandevaluatetheinformationprovidedinthepackage insertorinstructionsforeachchemical,pieceofequipment,reagent,ordevicefor,amongother things,anychangesintheinstructionsorindicationofusageandforaddedwarningsand precautions.Whilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork, theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthe contentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationany impliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybe createdorextendedbysalesrepresentatives,writtensalesmaterialsorpromotionalstatements forthiswork.Thefactthatanorganization,website,orproductisreferredtointhisworkasa citationand/orpotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthatthepublisherand authorsendorsetheinformationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmayprovide orrecommendationsitmaymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisheris notengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmay notbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate. Further,readersshouldbeawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedor disappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernor authorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnot limitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisAppliedfor: HardbackISBN:9781119598374 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImages:©metamorworks/Shutterstock,KatieDobies/GettyImages Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbyStraive,Chennai,India (cid:2) (cid:2) v Contents AuthorBiographies xiii Preface xv PartI SmartHybridAC/DCMicrogrids 1 1 SmartHybridAC/DCMicrogrids 3 1.1 IntroductiontoMicrogrids 3 (cid:2) 1.1.1 ConceptofMicrogrids 3 (cid:2) 1.1.2 DevelopmentofMicrogrids 4 1.1.3 FeaturesofModernMicrogrids 6 1.2 SmartHybridMicrogridConfigurations 8 1.2.1 AC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 8 1.2.2 DC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 9 1.2.3 AC/DC-CoupledHybridMicrogrid 10 1.2.4 ExamplesofHybridMicrogrids 11 1.3 SmartHybridMicrogridOperations 14 1.3.1 DistributedGenerationandEnergyStorageSystems 14 1.3.2 SmartInterfacingConverters 16 1.3.3 CyberSystems 16 1.3.4 PowerManagementandEnergyManagementSystems 17 1.3.5 PowerQuality 17 1.4 OutlineoftheBook 18 References 20 2 RenewableEnergy,EnergyStorage,andSmartInterfacing PowerConverters 21 2.1 Renewable-basedGeneration 21 2.1.1 Photovoltaic(PV)PowerSystems 21 2.1.2 WindPowerSystems 29 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 2.2 EnergyStorageSystems 37 2.2.1 BatteryEnergyStorageSystem 38 2.2.2 FlywheelEnergyStorageSystem 43 2.2.3 SuperconductingMagnetEnergyStorageSystem 44 2.2.4 HydrogenandFuelCellEnergyStorage 45 2.3 IntegrationofRenewableEnergyandEnergyStorage 49 2.3.1 StructureofSmartInterfacingConverters(IFCs) 49 2.3.2 OperationandCoordination 52 2.4 Summary 54 References 54 3 SmartMicrogridCommunications 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 CommunicationTechniqueforSmartMicrogrids 57 3.2.1 BasicConceptsofCommunicationSystems 57 3.2.2 StructuresofCommunicationNetworksinSmartMicrogrids 59 3.2.3 RequirementsofCommunicationinSmartMicrogrids 61 3.2.4 WiredCommunicationTechnologiesinaMicrogrid 62 3.2.5 WirelessCommunicationTechnologies 65 3.3 StandardsandProtocolsinSmartMicrogrids 67 (cid:2) (cid:2) 3.3.1 StandardsandProtocolsforGeneralCommunication 67 3.3.2 StandardsandProtocolsforSubstationAutomation 70 3.3.3 StandardsandProtocolsforControlCenterandWideArea Monitoring 71 3.3.4 StandardsandProtocolsforDistributedGenerationandDemand Response 72 3.3.5 StandardsandProtocolsforMetering 73 3.3.6 StandardsandProtocolsforElectricVehicleCharging 74 3.4 NetworkCyber-security 75 3.5 Summary 78 References 78 PartII PowerManagementSystems(PMSs)andEnergy ManagementSystems(EMSs) 81 4 SmartInterfacingPowerElectronicsConverterControl 83 4.1 PrimaryControlofPowerElectronicsConverters 83 4.1.1 BasicControlTechniquesinPowerConverters 84 4.1.2 CurrentControlMethod 90 4.1.3 VoltageControlMethod 92 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 4.2 VirtualImpedanceControlofPowerElectronicConverters 93 4.2.1 InternalVirtualImpedance 94 4.2.2 ExternalVirtualImpedance 96 4.2.3 IntegrationofbothInternalandExternalVirtualImpedance 97 4.3 DroopControlofPowerElectronicsConverters 99 4.3.1 FrequencyandVoltageDroopControlinanACSubgrid 99 4.3.2 VoltageDroopControlinDCSubgrids 102 4.3.3 UnifiedDroopforInterlinkingACandDCSubgrids 102 4.3.4 ChallengesofDroopControlandSolutions 105 4.4 VirtualSynchronousGenerator(VSG)ControlofInterfacingPower ElectronicsConverters 110 4.4.1 PrinciplesofVSGControl 111 4.4.2 ImplementationofVSGControl 112 4.4.3 RelationshipBetweenDroopControlandVSGControl 115 4.5 UnifiedControlofPowerElectronicsConverters 116 4.6 Summary 118 References 118 5 PowerManagementSystem(PMS)inSmartHybridAC/DC Microgrids 121 (cid:2) (cid:2) 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 HierarchicalControlofHybridMicrogrids 122 5.3 PowerManagementSystems(PMSs)inDifferentStructuresofHybrid Microgrids 125 5.3.1 PMSofanAC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 125 5.3.2 PMSofaDC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 128 5.3.3 PMSofanAC-DC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 130 5.4 PowerManagementStrategiesDuringTransitionsandDifferent LoadingConditions 133 5.4.1 PMSDuringTransitionBetweenGrid-ConnectedandIslanding OperationModes 133 5.4.2 PowerManagementStrategiesUnderDifferentLoading Conditions 137 5.5 ImplementedExamplesofPowerManagementSystemsinHybrid Microgrids 137 5.5.1 PMSExampleofanAC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 137 5.5.2 PMSExampleofaDC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 140 5.5.3 PMSExampleofanAC-DC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 143 5.6 BlackStartinHybridMicrogrids 146 5.6.1 GeneralRequirementsofBlackStartinMicrogrids 147 5.6.2 MicrogridBlackStartScheme 147 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 5.6.3 MainIssuesandRelatedMeasuresofBlackStartsinMicrogrids 152 5.7 Summary 153 References 153 6 EnergyManagementSystem(EMS)inSmartHybrid Microgrids 155 6.1 EnergyManagementinHierarchicalControlofMicrogrids 155 6.1.1 HierarchicalControl 155 6.1.2 EnergyManagementSystem 157 6.1.3 CommunicationsinanEnergyManagementSystem 162 6.2 Multi-agentControlStrategyofMicrogrids 162 6.3 AdvanceDistributionManagementSystems(ADMSs)inSmartHybrid Microgrids 165 6.3.1 SupervisoryControlandDataAcquisition(SCADA) 165 6.3.2 GeographicInformationSystems(GISs) 167 6.3.3 DistributionManagementSystem(DMS) 167 6.3.4 AutomatedMeterReading/AutomaticMeteringInfrastructure (AMR/AMI) 168 6.3.5 OutageManagementSystems(OMSs) 168 6.3.6 DistributedEnergyResourceManagementSystem(DERMS) 169 (cid:2) (cid:2) 6.4 Cyber-securityinSmartHybridMicrogrids 170 6.4.1 DifferentTypesofCyber-securityViolations 170 6.4.2 ImpactsofCyber-securityViolationsonSmartMicrogrids 172 6.4.3 ConstructionofCyber-securityViolationsinSmartMicrogrids 173 6.4.4 DefensiveStrategiesAgainstCyber-attacks 174 6.4.5 CaseStudyExample:Cyber-securityViolationsinPower Electronics-intensiveDCMicrogrids 176 6.4.6 FutureTrendsofMicrogridCyber-security 181 6.5 Summary 182 References 182 PartIII PowerQualityIssuesandControlinSmartHybrid Microgrids 185 7 OverviewofPowerQualityinMicrogrids 187 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 ClassificationofPowerQualityDisturbances 188 7.2.1 Transients 188 7.2.2 ShortDurationVariations 189 (cid:2)

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