Smart Antennas with MATLAB

433 Pages·2015·21.86 MB·English

by  Frank Gross

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About the Author
Frank B. Gross, Ph.D., is professor and department chair of Electrical Engineering at Georgia Southern University. His
expertise lies in a variety of physics-based disciplines, including electromagnetics, antennas, propagation, metamaterials,
and array processing.

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
1.1 What Is a Smart Antenna?
1.2 Why Are Smart Antennas Emerging Now?
1.3 What Are the Benefits of Smart Antennas?
1.4 Smart Antennas Involve Many Disciplines
1.5 Overview of the Book
1.6 References
2 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Fields
2.1 Maxwell’s Equations
2.2 The Helmholtz Wave Equation
2.3 Propagation in Rectangular Coordinates
2.4 Propagation in Spherical Coordinates
2.5 Electric Field Boundary Conditions
2.6 Magnetic Field Boundary Conditions
2.7 Planewave Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
2.7.1 Normal Incidence
2.7.2 Oblique Incidence
2.8 Propagation over Flat Earth
2.9 Knife-Edge Diffraction
2.10 References
2.11 Problems
3 Antenna Fundamentals
3.1 Antenna Field Regions
3.2 Power Density
3.3 Radiation Intensity
3.4 Basic Antenna Nomenclature
3.4.1 Antenna Pattern
3.4.2 Antenna Boresight
3.4.3 Principal Plane Patterns
3.4.4 Beamwidth
3.4.5 Directivity
3.4.6 Beam Solid Angle
3.4.7 Gain
3.4.8 Effective Aperture
3.5 Friis Transmission Formula
3.6 Magnetic Vector Potential and the Far Field
3.7 Linear Antennas
3.7.1 Infinitesimal Dipole
3.7.2 Finite Length Dipole
3.8 Loop Antennas
3.8.1 Loop of Constant Phasor Current
3.9 References
3.10 Problems
4 Array Fundamentals
4.1 Linear Arrays
4.1.1 Two-Element Array
4.1.2 Uniform N-Element Linear Array
4.1.3 Uniform N-Element Linear Array Directivity
4.2 Array Weighting
4.2.1 Beamsteered and Weighted Arrays
4.3 Circular Arrays
4.3.1 Beamsteered Circular Arrays
4.4 Rectangular Planar Arrays
4.5 Fixed Beam Arrays
4.5.1 Butler Matrices
4.6 Fixed Sidelobe Canceling
4.7 Retrodirective Arrays
4.7.1 Passive Retrodirective Array
4.7.2 Active Retrodirective Array
4.8 References
4.9 Problems
5 Principles of Random Variables and Processes
5.1 Definition of Random Variables
5.2 Probability Density Functions
5.3 Expectation and Moments
5.4 Common Probability Density Functions
5.4.1 Gaussian Density
5.4.2 Rayleigh Density
5.4.3 Uniform Density
5.4.4 Exponential Density
5.4.5 Rician Density
5.4.6 Laplace Density
5.5 Stationarity and Ergodicity
5.6 Autocorrelation and Power Spectral Density
5.7 Covariance Matrix
5.8 References
5.9 Problems
6 Propagation Channel Characteristics
6.1 Flat Earth Model
6.2 Multipath Propagation Mechanisms
6.3 Propagation Channel Basics
6.3.1 Fading
6.3.2 Fast Fading Modeling
6.3.3 Channel Impulse Response
6.3.4 Power Delay Profile
6.3.5 Prediction of Power Delay Profiles
6.3.6 Power Angular Profile
6.3.7 Prediction of Angular Spread
6.3.8 Power Delay–Angular Profile
6.3.9 Channel Dispersion
6.3.10 Slow-Fading Modeling
6.4 Improving Signal Quality
6.4.1 Equalization
6.4.2 Diversity
6.4.3 Channel Coding
6.4.4 MIMO
6.5 References
6.6 Problems
7 Angle-of-Arrival Estimation
7.1 Fundamentals of Matrix Algebra
7.1.1 Vector Basics
7.1.2 Matrix Basics
7.2 Array Correlation Matrix
7.3 AOA Estimation Methods
7.3.1 Bartlett AOA Estimate
7.3.2 Capon AOA Estimate
7.3.3 Linear Prediction AOA Estimate
7.3.4 Maximum Entropy AOA Estimate
7.3.5 Pisarenko Harmonic Decomposition AOA Estimate
7.3.6 Min-Norm AOA Estimate
7.3.7 MUSIC AOA Estimate
7.3.8 Root-MUSIC AOA Estimate
7.3.9 ESPRIT AOA Estimate
7.4 References
7.5 Problems
8 Smart Antennas
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Historical Development of Smart Antennas
8.3 Fixed Weight Beamforming Basics
8.3.1 Maximum Signal-to-Interference Ratio
8.3.2 Minimum Mean-Square Error
8.3.3 Maximum Likelihood
8.3.4 Minimum Variance