smart antenna system

108 Pages·2014·2.53 MB·English

SMART ANTENNA SYSTEM

BY
AHMED MOHAMED ELMURTADA ELAMEEN
INDEX NO: 074005

Supervisor
Ostaz : Mohamed Gaafer Elnurani

A REPORT SUBMITTED TO
University of Khartoum
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
B.Sc. (HONS) Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING)
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
September 2012
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I declare that this report entitled―SMART ANTENNA SYSTEM‖
is my own work except as cited in the references. The report has not been
accepted for any degree and is not being submitted concurrently in
candidature for any degree or other award.

Signature: _________________________

Name: ____________________________

Date: _____________________________

II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

As the end of my days as under graduate student draws nigh, I have the
occasion to reflectupon the many long days, and the even longer nights,
that all too quickly lengthened intoyears, that finally culminated with a
B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering. Whatthis reflection has revealed is that
the splendor of thisachievement is possible only as a result of the support
of others. And while my nameshall be the only one on the diploma, these
others deserve similar or equal recognition.

First of all, Thanks to Allah for giving us faith and health, to My Parents,
Brother and Sister for their huge support.

Special gratitude is extended to all gratitude to all those who gave me the
possibility to complete this project.The research thesis was done under
the supervision of Ustaz Mohamed Gaafer Elnoraniin the department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering . I am deeplywould like to thank
him, for his continuous support and encouragement, supervision and
useful suggestions throughout this project. It was him , who provided an
aim and direction to this project and constantly pushed us to work harder
on it.

I wish to express my appreciation to my project partner, Yasir Nizar, for
his hard work,team spirit and the impressive Great times we spent.

At last, I declare special thanks for my friends and colleagues in 07
batch.

III
ABSTRACT

Rapidly and Emerging trends of mobile communication and ever growing demand of
mobile users created the need for new technologies that could satisfy this need under
limited bandwidth provided to telecom companies .Smart antenna systems are one of
these technologies which could provide directed radiation pattern towards desired
direction , better capacity and reduce interference .which affects used bandwidth

antennas are not smart; it is the overall system that tell them what to do is smart.
Smart antenna Systems had two main parts Beam forming, which the radiation pattern
is shaped and directed through it, and Direction of Arrival (DOA) algorithm that
detects the user‘s location and uses it to direct the pattern. The antennas in the array
interact constructively in the desired direction and destructively in other directions.

In this thesis, Overview of smart antenna System concepts,how they work,
Performance and Benefits had been chosen to study. By modelling a communication
system contains a smart antenna system to show the improvement in Received Power,
SNR and BER. Creating Array Factor and Directed the Pattern for both Linear and
Planar Arrays. Generate the Signal, modulation and transmit it through channel
expose with added Noise. Simulation and resultsobtained Using MATLAB
toindicated Preference of using smart antenna over conventional single element
antennaand it Provide a way better performance.

IV
صلختسملا

ةجاح قلخ , ينمدختسملل يىانتملالا ديازتلما بلطلا و ةيكلسلالا تلااصتلاا تلاامج في ةددجتم تاينقت روهظ
برتعت . تلااصتلاا تاكرشل دودمح قاطن ضرع رفوت لظ تتح تاجايتحلاا هذى ةيبلت اهنكيم ةديدج تاينقتل ةسام
و , هونح ةراشلاا لاسرلا ينعم هاجتلا ونح "يعاعشا طنم" ئشنت ثيح تاينقتلا هذى دحا ةيكذلا تايئاولها ةمظنا
. مدختسلما قاطنلا ضرع ىلع ءايشلاا هذى رثؤت ذا لخادتلا للقت امك . لضفا ةــعس يرفوتل

ينيساسا ينئزج نم ةيكذلا تايئاولها نوكتت . ءاكذب لمعت اهلعيج يذلا ماظنلا ونكل , "ةيكذ" تسيل اتهاذ دبح ةيئاولها
ددتح تيلا طوقسلا هاتجا ةيثمرغولل ةفاضلااب , هبرع يعاعشلاا طمنلا لكش ديدتح و ويجوت متي ثيح ,"عاعشلا دلوم " :
ءانب لكشب لمعت ةفوفصلما لخاد تايئاولها . هاتجلاا اذى ونح طمنلا ويجوتل اىادختسا متي و )فدلها(مدختسلما عقوم
. ةبوغرم يرغلا ىرخلاا تاىاتجلاا في لخادتلا ليلقتل مادى لكشب و بولطلما هاتجلاا في

و اهئادا , ةمظنلاا هذى ابه لمعت تيلا ةيفيكلا , ةيكذلا تايئاولها ةمظنا ميىافم ةسارد متيس , ةحورطلاا هذى في
ةراشلاا ةبسن , ةلبقتسلما ةردقلا في نسحتلا حيضوتل لاثمك ةيكذ تايئاوى يويح تلااصتا ماظن ذخأب . اىدئاوف
ةيفوفصلما تايئاوهلل يعاعشلاا طمنلا ويجوت و ةيئاوهلل ةفوفصم لماعم ءاشنا .تايئانثلا في أطلخا لدعم و جيجضلل
في ةانقلا برع الهاسرا و ليدعت و , ةراشلاا نيوكت متي . يعاعشلاا طمنلا ديلوت مادختساب داعبلاا ةيئانثلل و ةيطلخا
ةيلضفا حضوي ليلتح يرفوتل MATLAB جمانرب لامعتساب ةاكالمحا جئاتن صلاختسا عم . فاضم جيجض دوجو
. لضفا ءادا يطعت ةيكذلا تايئاولها نا تابثا و . ةمدختسلما ةيدايتعلاا تايئاولها ىلع ةيكذلا تايئاولها مادختسا

V
TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT III
ABSTARCT IV
صلختسملاV
TABLE OF CONTENTS VI
LIST OF FIGURES XI
LIST OF TABLES XIII
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS XIV

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION1
1.1 Problem Statement ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Background and Motivation .................................................................. 2
1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................. 2
1.4 Methodologies and Tools ...................................................................... 3
1.5 Report layout ......................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW1
2.1 ANTENNA Fundmentals ...................................................................... 1
2.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1
2.1.2 Radiation pattern: .................................................................................... 1
2.1.3 Beamwidth .............................................................................................. 2
2.1.4 Radiation Intensity .................................................................................. 2
2.1.5 Directivity ............................................................................................... 2
2.1.6 Lobe ........................................................................................................ 2
2.1.7 beam (of an antenna) ............................................................................... 3
2.1.8 Gain ......................................................................................................... 3
2.2 HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA .................................................... 3
2.3 ARRAYS ANTENNA ........................................................................... 4
2.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 4
VI
2.3.2 Arrays Performance ................................................................................ 5
2.3.3 Array element.......................................................................................... 5
2.3.4 Two Element Array................................................................................. 5
2.3.5 Array Factor ............................................................................................ 7
2.3.6 N-ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY: UNIFORM AMPLITUDE AND
SPACING ............................................................................................................... 8
2.3.6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 8
2.3.6.2 Array Factor for Linear Array ........................................................... 9
2.3.6.3 Phased (Scanning) Array ................................................................. 11
2.3.7 PLANAR ARRAY................................................................................ 11
2.3.7.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 11
2.3.7.2 Array Factor ..................................................................................... 13
2.4 SMART ANTENNA ........................................................................... 15
2.4.1 INTRODUCTUON ............................................................................... 15
2.4.2 Switched beams systems: ...................................................................... 15
2.4.3 Adaptive array systems ......................................................................... 17
2.4.4 Switched beams versus adaptive systems ............................................. 18
2.4.5 Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) .......................................... 20
2.4.6 Smart Antennas Benefits....................................................................... 20
2.4.7 Smart Antennas Drawbacks .................................................................. 21
2.4.8 Design considerations ........................................................................... 21
2.4.9 DSP ....................................................................................................... 22
2.4.10 Beamforming ........................................................................................ 22
2.4.11 Adaptive Beamforming ......................................................................... 22
2.4.12 Mutual Coupling ................................................................................... 22
2.4.13 Optimal Beamforming Techniques ....................................................... 23
2.4.14 DOA ...................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS25
3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 25
3.2 Project Requirements ........................................................................... 26
3.3 Project Strategy .................................................................................... 27
VII
3.4 Matlab tools: ........................................................................................ 27
3.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 27
3.4.2 Key Features ......................................................................................... 28
3.4.3 Computer Performance ......................................................................... 28
3.5 System Architecture ............................................................................ 29
3.6 Simulation story: .................................................................................. 29
3.7 Input parameters: ................................................................................. 30
3.7.1 Carrier Frequency: ................................................................................ 30
3.7.2 The location of the user: ....................................................................... 30
3.7.3 The number of elements in the array: ................................................... 30
3.8 System parameters and Assumptions: ................................................. 30
3.9 Simulation steps: .................................................................................. 32
3.9.1 Code Inputs ........................................................................................... 33
3.9.2 Simulating a user................................................................................... 33
3.9.3 DOA ...................................................................................................... 33
3.9.4 Signal generation .................................................................................. 33
3.9.5 Modulation ............................................................................................ 33
3.9.6 Beamforming ........................................................................................ 34
3.9.7 Transmission: ........................................................................................ 36
3.9.8 Reception: ............................................................................................. 36
3.9.9 Channel ................................................................................................. 36
3.9.10 Demodulation ........................................................................................ 36
3.9.11 Sampling ............................................................................................... 36
3.9.12 BER ....................................................................................................... 36
3.10 Measurements and outputs: ................................................................. 37
3.11 simulation Outputs ............................................................................... 37
3.11.1 Signal Track Line .................................................................................. 38
3.11.2 Array Factor .......................................................................................... 38
3.11.3 DOA For Multiple User/Target Locations ............................................ 38
3.11.4 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATION ............................................................. 38
3.11.5 BER: ...................................................................................................... 39
3.11.5.1 Linear array - BER .......................................................................... 39
VIII
3.11.5.2 Planar array - BER ........................................................................... 39

CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION41
4.1 Overview .............................................................................................. 41
4.2 Signal Track Line Test ........................................................................ 41
4.2.1 10 bits Binary Signal Message .............................................................. 41
4.2.2 Modulated Signal .................................................................................. 41
4.2.3 Received Signal .................................................................................... 42
4.2.4 Demodulated Signal .............................................................................. 43
4.2.5 Sampled Signal ..................................................................................... 44
4.3 Array Radiation Pattern ....................................................................... 44
4.4 Array Factor ......................................................................................... 46
4.4.1 Ten Elements Array Factor ................................................................... 46
4.4.2 Five Elements Array Factor .................................................................. 46
4.4.3 Single Element Array Factor ................................................................ 47
4.4.4 Planar Array Factor ............................................................................... 48
4.5 DOA For Multiple User/Target Locations .......................................... 49
4.6 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO .............................................................. 49
4.7 BER ...................................................................................................... 50
4.7.1 Linear Antenna BER ............................................................................. 51
4.7.1.1 Using Single elements in the array ................................................. 51
4.7.1.2 Using 5 elements in the array .......................................................... 52
4.7.1.3 Using 10 elements in the array ....................................................... 53
4.7.2 Planar Antenna BER ............................................................................. 55
4.7.2.1 Array Factor ..................................................................................... 55

CHAPTER FIVECONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS58
5.1 Project review ...................................................................................... 58
5.2 Future Works ....................................................................................... 59

IX
REFRENCES ........................................................................................................... 60
APPENDIX A : MATLAB CODESA-1
APPENDIX B : IEEE DEFINITION STANDARD B-1
X