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Sleep and the Maturing Nervous System PDF

463 Pages·1972·11.231 MB·English
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Based on a symposium, "The Maturation of Brain Mechanisms Related to Sleep Behavior," held at Boiling Springs, Pennsylvania, June 21—24, 1970, sponsored by The National In- stitute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health. Sleep and the Maturing Nervous System Edited by CARMINE D. CLEMENTE Department of Anatomy School of Medicine University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, California DOMINICK P. PURPURA Department of Anatomy and the Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York FLORENCE E. MAYER Growth and Development Branch National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Department of Health, Education and Welfare National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland ® ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London 1972 COPYRIGHT © 1972, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 72-84277 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To the memory of Dr. Daniele Jouvet-Mounier (1935-1970). Her research on the maturation of sleep patterns in different species will remain forever a corner- stone in the building of our knowledge of sleep-wakefulness behavior. Its im- portance was amply illustrated by the frequent references to her work through- out the conference and in the pages that follow. List of Participants YOSHIO AKIYAMA, Department of Developmental Neurology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands THOMAS F. ANDERS, Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, New York FLOYD E. BLOOM, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Special Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Saint Elizabeth Hospital, Washington, D.C. DAVID BODIAN, Department of Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland MICHAEL H. CHASE, Departments of Anatomy and Physiology, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California CARMINE D. CLEMENTE, Department of Anatomy, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California PAUL D. COLEMAN, Department of Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York WILLIAM C. DEMENT, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California JOHN E. DESMEDT, Brain Research Unit, University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium ROBERT J. ELLINGSON, Nebraska Psychiatric Institute, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska Xlll XIV List of Participants WALTER B. ESSMAN, Department of Psychology, Queens College, C.U.N.Y., Flushing, New York HARRY H. GORDON, Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York WILLIAMINA A. HIMW1CH, Thudichum Psychiatric Research Laboratory, Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, Illinois GABRIELE HINZE, Department of Pediatrics, University of Gottingen, Göt- tingen, Germany BARRY J. HOFFER, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Special Mental Health Research, Saint Elizabeth Hospital, Washington, D.C. NATHANIEL KLEITMAN, 222 Washington Avenue, Santa Monica, California DONALD B. LINDSLEY, Departments of Psychology, Physiology, and Psy- chiatry, and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California DENNIS J. McGINTY, Neuropsychology Research, Veterans Administration Hospital, Sepulveda, California DAVID R. METCALF, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver, Colorado PETER J. MORGANE, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Worchester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts EDWARD M. ORNITZ, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California ARTHUR H. PARMELEE, JR., Department of Pediatrics, University of Cal- ifornia, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California H. F. R. PRECHTL, Department of Developmental Neurology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands JAMES W. PRESCOTT, National Institute of Child Health and Human Devel- opment, Bethesda, Maryland DOMINICK P. PURPURA, Department of Anatomy and the Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York OLGA PETRE-QUADENS, Department of Developmental Neurology, Born- Bunge Research Foundation, Berchem-Antwerp, Belgium OSCAR RESNICK, Worchester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrews- bury, Massachusetts List of Participants xv EUGENE ROBERTS, Division of Neurosciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California HOWARD ROFFWARG, Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, New York GUENTER H. ROSE, Laboratories of Developmental Psychobiology, University of Nebraska Medical School, Omaha, Nebraska MORTIMER G. ROSEN, Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York ARONOLD B. SCHEIBEL, Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California MADGE E. SCHEIBEL, Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California GERLIND SCHREMPF, Department of Pediatrics, University of Göttingen, Göt- tingen, Germany F. J. SCHULTE, Department of Pediatrics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ROBERT J. SHOFER, Department of Anatomy and the Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York GEORGE R. SIGG1NS, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Special Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Saint Elizabeth Hospital, Washington, D.C. M. B. STERMAN, Neuropsychology Research, Veterans Administration Hos- pital, Sepulveda, California EVELYN STERN, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California ELLIOT D. WEITZMAN, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York DONALD J. WOODWARD, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York Preface It is now well established that both genetic and environmental factors play important roles in determining the morphological and electrophysiological maturation of the brain. What is not known, however, is how such maturational features contribute to the progressive elaboration of complex neural interactions that characterize the development of sleep-wakefulness activities in the maturing organism. There can be little doubt that this problem is central to the issue of the development of complex behaviors in general. This follows from the fact that such behaviors are expressed upon a background of variable wakefulness which requires the integrative activity of many different neuronal organizations. But equally impressive is the fact that transitions from sleep to wakefulness and vice versa bring into operation perhaps more complex neural and biochemical mechanisms. Thus the understanding of how maturational processes are related to the development of sleep-wakefulness behavior should provide information essential for the adequate appreciation of the biological basis of behavior in the broadest sense. The conference, held at the Allenberry Inn in Boiling Springs, Pennsylvania from June 21-24, 1970, was organized to explore the extent to which basic data on brain maturation and data on the ontogeny of sleep-wakefulness behavior might be discussed from the standpoint of their mutual relevancy. Additional aspects of the conference focused on the developmental implications of con- ditions, experimental or otherwise, which might lead to the establishment of normal and abnormal sleep behavior in maturing organisms. The program was divided into five sessions: (1) The Maturation of Neural Elements, (2) Neuro- chemical Factors in Maturation of Sleep Behavior, (3) Development of EEG and Activity Patterns in Relation to Sleep, (4) Development of Reflex Patterns in xvn XV111 Preface Sleep, and (5) Developmental Aspects of Normal and Abnormal Sleep Behavior. The proceedings were summarized by Dr. Donald B. Lindsley. The editors of this symposium volume were joined in the planning stages of the conference by Dr. Robert J. Ellingson, Dr. Donald B. Lindsley, and Dr. Merrill S. Read. Grateful acknowledgment is also made to Miss Wanda Burnett for editorial assistance in the preparation of the final manuscript and to the Growth and Development Program of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development whose enthusiastic support and sponsorship of the con- ference made this volume possible. Carmine D. Clemente Dominick P. Purpura Florence E. Mayer 1 Principles of Synaptogenesis and Their Application to Ontogenetic Studies of Mammalian Cerebral Cortex* Dominick P. Purpura and Robert J. Shofer Newborn altricial mammals exhibit relatively little awake behavior (crying, crawling, sucking, etc.) and quiet sleep in contrast to the large proportion of time they spend in "active" or rapid eye movements sleep (REMS). Maturation of sleep-wakefulness cycles results in an increasing capacity for wakefulness, as Kleitman has correctly insisted, and a reorganization of temporospatial patterns of various sleep states. Although the neurobiological processes underlying these developmental events are poorly understood, maturation of sleep-wakefulness behavior is evidently as much a consequence of the reorganization of early established patterns of activity as it is the elaboration of new modes of operation in developing neuronal subsystems. Considering the prominence of the physio- logical mechanisms subserving active sleep in the altricial neonate, it is difficult ♦Supported in part by grants from NINDS (NS-07512) and The Given Foundation. 3

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