Skeletal Trauma: Basic Science, Management, and Reconstruction, 2-Volume Set, 5th Edition

2807 Pages·2015·191.57 MB·English

by  Krettek & Anderson Browner, Jupiter

SKELETAL
TRAUMA
BASIC SCIENCE, MANAGEMENT, AND RECONSTRUCTION
SKELETAL
TRAUMA
BASIC SCIENCE, MANAGEMENT, AND RECONSTRUCTION
FIFTH EDITION
Volume 1
Bruce D. Browner, MD, MHCM, FACS
Adjunct Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Duke University School of Medicine
Overseas Coordinator
Tanzania Trauma System Project
Durham, North Carolina
Jesse B. Jupiter, MD
Director, Orthopaedic Hand Service
Massachusetts General Hospital
Hansjörg Wyss/AO Professor
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Christian Krettek, MD, FRACS, FRCSEd
Professor and Director
Hannover Medical School (MHH)–Trauma Department
Hannover, Germany
Paul A. Anderson, MD
Professor
Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
Part number: 9996098001 (vol 1)
9996098060 (vol 2)
SKELETAL TRAUMA: BASIC SCIENCE, MANAGEMENT AND ISBN: 978-1-4557-7628-3 (set)
RECONSTRUCTION, FIFTH EDITION
Copyright © 2015, 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
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Previous editions copyrighted: 2003, 1998, 1992
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Skeletal trauma : basic science, management, and reconstruction / [edited by] Bruce D. Browner, Jesse B.
Jupiter, Christian Krettek, Paul A. Anderson.—Fifth edition.
p. ; cm.
Preceded by Skeletal trauma / [edited by] Bruce D. Browner … [et al.]. 4th ed. 2009.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4557-7628-3 (set : hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Browner, Bruce D., editor. II. Jupiter, Jesse B., editor. III. Krettek, Christian, 1953-, editor.
IV. Anderson, Paul, 1952- , editor.
[DNLM: 1. Fractures, Bone. 2. Bone and Bones—injuries. 3. Dislocations. 4. Ligaments—injuries.
WE 175]
RD101
617.4ʹ71044—dc23
2014022019
Executive Content Strategist: Dolores Meloni
Senior Content Development Manager: Maureen Iannuzzi
Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson
Senior Project Manager: Carol O’Connell
Design Direction: Renee Duenow
Printed in Canada
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The Editors Dedicate the Fifth Edition to Their Families
and to Fallen and Wounded Warriors
To my wife, Barbara Thea Browner
to my children: Jeremy Todd Browner, Esq., Nina Mikhellasvili Browner, MD,
Nicole Browner Samuel, and Marc Aaron Samuel, Esq.
and to my grandchildren: Benjamin Noah Browner, Zachary Myer Samuel, Dylan Jethro Samuel, Sophia
Alexandra Browner, and Emily Jordyn Samuel
In memory of my mother, Mona Alexander Browner
In appreciation for the support and encouragement from
my father, Irwin Eric Browner, and his wife, Adele Doris Browner,
and my mother-in-law, Betty Appleman Jacowsky
Bruce D. Browner
To my wife, Beryl Stephanie Abrams Jupiter
to my daughter, Stacy Deborah Jupiter
In memory of my son, Benjamin Scott Jupiter
In memory of my parents, Miriam and Samuel Jupiter
Jesse B. Jupiter
To my wife, Ulrike Krettek, MD
to my children: Felicitas Krettek and Florian Krettek
In memory of my mother, Felizitas Krettek
In appreciation of her and my father’s support and encouragement
Christian Krettek
To my wife, Veronica Anderson,
without whose love and support I could not do all that I do
to my son, Christopher Anderson
to my daughter Meredith Rasco and her husband Kenneth Rasco
and to my grandchildren, Henry and Julian Rasco
In memory of my mother, Shirley G. McCarthy
Paul A. Anderson
We dedicate this text also to the brave men and women in the military who have sacrificed their lives
or sustained serious injuries while fighting to preserve the freedom and security of our nations.
Contributors
YVES PASCAL ACKLIN, MD, DMEDSC PAUL A. ANDERSON, MD
Trauma and General Surgery Unit Professor
Department of Surgery Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation
Kantonsspital Graubünden University of Wisconsin
Chur, Switzerland Madison, Wisconsin
47: Fracture of the Humeral Shaft 35: Thoracolumbar Fractures. E: New Concepts in the
Management of Thoracolumbar Fractures
JULIE E. ADAMS, MD 37: Osteoporotic Spinal Fractures
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Minnesota BASEM I. AWAD, MD
Minneapolis, Minnesota Assistant Lecturer
46: Trauma to the Adult Elbow and Fractures of the Department of Neurological Surgery
Distal Humerus. A: Trauma to the Adult Elbow Mansoura University School of Medicine
Mansoura, Egypt
LOUIS F. AMOROSA, MD 31: Pathophysiology and Emergent Treatment of Spinal
Clinical Instructor Cord Injury
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
New York Medical College/Westchester Medical Center CHRISTOPHER S. BAILEY, BPE, MD, FRCSC, MSC
Valhalla, New York Associate Professor
34: Subaxial Cervical Spine Trauma Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedics
Schulich School of Medicine, Western University;
JONAS ANDERMAHR, MD Orthopaedic Spine Consultant
Professor of University Clinic of Cologne London Health Sciences Centre
Director of Center of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery London, Ontario, Canada
Kreiskrankenhaus Mechernich GmbH 39: Principles of Orthotic Management
Mechernich, Germany
49: Fractures and Dislocations of the Clavicle TESSA BALACH, MD
Assistant Professor
ROMNEY C. ANDERSEN, MD Orthopaedic Surgery
COL, MC, U.S. Army University of Connecticut Health Center
Chairman, Department of Orthopaedics Farmington, Connecticut
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center 20: Pathologic Fractures
Professor of Surgery
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences PAUL C. BALDWIN III, MD
Bethesda, Maryland Orthopaedic Surgery Resident
72: Amputations in Trauma University of Connecticut Health Center
Orthopaedic Surgery Resident
CAESAR A. ANDERSON, MD, MPH University of Connecticut Health Center
Medical Director, Wound and Hyperbaric Medicine Farmington, Connecticut
Emergency Medicine and Hyperbaric Medicine 21: Osteoporotic Fragility Fractures
University of California, San Diego
Encinitas, California CRAIG S. BARTLETT III, MD
14: Medical Management of the Orthopaedic Trauma Medical Director of Orthopaedic Trauma
Patient. D: Substance Abuse Syndromes: Recognition, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
Prevention, and Treatment The University of Vermont
Burlington, Vermont
65: Fractures of the Tibial Pilon
vi
Contributors vii
MICHAEL R. BAUMGAERTNER, MD RANDY R. BINDRA, MD, FRCS
Professor Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Chief of Orthopaedic Trauma Griffith University and Gold Coast University Hospital
Orthopaedic Trauma and Reconstruction Gold Coast, Australia
Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation 42: Fractures and Dislocations of the Hand
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut ROBERT BLEASE, MD
53: Medical Management of the Patient with Hip Lieutenant Colonel (LTC)
Fracture Medical Department, Army Trauma Training
55: Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures Center
United States Army
JOAN ELIZABETH BECHTOLD, PHD Orthopaedic Trauma Surgeon
Gustilo Professor of Orthopaedic Biomechanics Orthopaedics Department
Research Jackson Memorial Hospital
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Miami, Florida
University of Minnesota 19: Gunshot Wounds and Blast Injuries
Graduate Professor
Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering CHRISTOPHER T. BORN, MD, FAAOS, FACS
University of Minnesota Intrepid Heroes Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Director of Research Brown University
Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation Warren Alpert Medical School
Excelen: Center for Bone and Joint Research and Director of Orthopaedic Trauma
Education Rhode Island Hospital
Minneapolis, Minnesota Providence, Rhode Island
5: Biomechanics of Fractures 12: Disaster Management
ERIC J. BELIN, MD MICHAEL J. BOSSE, MD
Assistant Professor Director of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery
Department of Medicine Carolinas Medical Center
College of Medicine Charlotte, North Carolina
Medical University of South Carolina 29: Psychological, Social, and Functional Manifestations
Charleston, South Carolina of Orthopaedic Trauma and Traumatic Brain Injury
35: Thoracolumbar Fractures. E: New Concepts in the
Management of Thoracolumbar Fractures RICHARD JACKSON BRANSFORD, MD
Associate Professor
CARLO BELLABARBA, MD Departments of Orthopaedic and Neurological Surgery
Professor, Departments of Orthopaedic and Neurological University of Washington
Surgery Harborview Medical Center
Director, Orthopaedic Spine Service Seattle, Washington
University of Washington 33: Craniocervical Injuries. A: Occipital-Cervical Spine
Acting Chief of Orthopaedics Injuries
Harborview Medical Center 40: Pelvic Ring Injuries: Parts I and III
Seattle, Washington
33: Craniocervical Injuries. A: Occipital-Cervical Spine MARK R. BRINKER, MD
Injuries Director of Acute and Reconstructive Trauma
40: Pelvic Ring Injuries: Parts I and III Co-Director, The Center for Problem Fractures and Limb
Restoration
EMANUEL D.L. BENNINGER, MD Texas Orthopedic Hospital
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Fondren Orthopedic Group LLP;
Kantonsspital St. Gallen Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Switzerland The University of Texas Medical School at Houston
48: Proximal Humerus Fractures and Glenohumeral Houston, Texas;
Dislocations. C: Glenohumeral Dislocations and D: Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Treatment of Fracture Sequelae of the Proximal Tulane University School of Medicine
Humerus New Orleans, Louisiana
25: Nonunions: Evaluation and Treatment
KAVI BHALLA, PHD
Department of International Health
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, Maryland
2: Global Burden of Musculoskeletal Injuries
viii Contributors
BRUCE D. BROWNER, MHCM, FACS PETER A. COLE, MD
Adjunct Professor Chief
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Duke University School of Medicine Regions Hospital
Overseas Coordinator St. Paul, Minnesota;
Tanzania Trauma System Project Professor
Durham, North Carolina Orthopaedic Surgery
24: Chronic Osteomyelitis University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
RYAN CALFEE, MD, MSC 50: Scapular and Rib Fractures
Assistant Professor 62: Tibial Plateau Fractures
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Washington University School of Medicine CHRISTOPHER L. COLTON, MD, FRCS, FRCSED
St. Louis, Missouri Senior Consultant in Orthopaedic Trauma (Retired)
12: Disaster Management Nottingham University Hospital
Nottingham, England
CHARLES CASSIDY, MD 1: The History of Fracture Treatment
Henry H. Banks Associate Professor and Chairman
Orthopaedics LEO M. COONEY, JR., MD
Tufts Medical Center Humana Foundation Professor of Geriatric Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts Yale University School of Medicine
43: Fractures and Dislocations of the Carpus Yale-New Haven Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut
RENAN C. CASTILLO, PHD 53: Medical Management of the Patient with Hip
Department of Health Policy and Management Fracture
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, Maryland BRIAN W. COOPER, MD, FACP
2: Global Burden of Musculoskeletal Injuries Formerly, Director, Division of Infectious Disease, Allergy,
and Immunology
PAUL C. CELESTRE, MD Hartford Hospital
Clinical Instructor Professor of Clinical Medicine
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Connecticut School of Medicine
University of Louisville; Farmington, Connecticut
Spine Fellow, Norton Leatherman Spine Center 13: Occupational Hazards in the Treatment of
Louisville, Kentucky Orthopaedic Trauma. B: Prevention of
35: Thoracolumbar Fractures. C: Identification, Occupationally Acquired Bloodborne Pathogens
Classification, Mechanism, and Treatment of
Thoracolumbar Fracture-Dislocations R. RICHARD COUGHLIN, MD, MSC
Clinical Professor
RAJIV CHANDAWARKAR, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Associate Professor, Plastic Surgery University of California, San Francisco;
Adjunct Associate Professor, Orthopedics Director Institute for Global Orthopaedics and
Director, Plastic Surgery OSU-East Hospital Traumatology
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General
Columbus, Ohio Hospital
18: Soft Tissue Reconstruction San Francisco, California
3: The Challenges of Orthopaedic Trauma Care in the
MARK COHEN, MD Developing World
Professor
Director, Orthopaedic Education KRISTIAN DALZELL, MBCHB, FRACS
Director, Hand and Elbow Section Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Christchurch Public Hospital and Burwood Spinal Unit
Rush University Medical Center Christchurch, New Zealand
Chicago, Illinois 32: The Timing of Management of Spinal Cord
44: Fractures of the Distal Radius Injuries
Contributors ix
NANDITA DAS, PHD MICHAEL G. FEHLINGS, MD, PHD, FRCSC, FACS
Clinical Research Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery
Norton Healthcare Krembil Chair in Neural Repair and Regeneration
Louisville, Kentucky McLaughlin Scholar in Molecular Medicine
35: Thoracolumbar Fractures. C: Identification, Head Spinal Program
Classification, Mechanism, and Treatment of University of Toronto
Thoracolumbar Fracture-Dislocations University Health Network;
Medical Director, Krembil Neuroscience Center
SEBASTIAN DECKER, MD Toronto Western Hospital
Resident Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Hannover Medical School (MHH)–Trauma Department 32: The Timing of Management of Spinal Cord Injuries
Hannover, Germany
33: Craniocervical Injuries. C: C2 Fractures DEBORAH FELDMAN, MD
40: Pelvic Ring Injuries: Parts I-III Associate Professor
Obstetrics and Gynecology
CHRISTOPHER W. DIGIOVANNI, MD University of Connecticut;
Visiting Professor, Harvard Medical School Attending Perinatologist
Chief, Foot and Ankle Service and Fellowship Program Obstetrics and Gynecology
Director, MGH Comprehensive Foot and Ankle Center Hartford Hospital
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Hartford, Connecticut
Massachusetts General Hospital 14: Medical Management of the Orthopaedic Trauma
Boston, Massachusetts Patient. C: Management of the Pregnant Woman
67: Foot Injuries
DAVID V. FELICIANO, MD
JOHN R. DIMAR II, MD Battersby Professor and Chief
Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery Division of General Surgery
University of Louisville Department of Orthopedic Surgery Indiana University Medical Center
Leatherman Spine Center, Norton Hospital; Chief of Surgery
Co-director of the Leatherman Spine Center Indiana University Hospital
Chief of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery Indianapolis, Indiana
Kosairs Childrens Hospital 15: Evaluation and Treatment of Vascular Injuries
Louisville, Kentucky
35: Thoracolumbar Fractures. C: Identification, MICHAEL FINN, MD
Classification, Mechanism, and Treatment of Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery
Thoracolumbar Fracture-Dislocations Department of Neurosurgery
University of Colorado
DOUGLAS R. DIRSCHL, MD Aurora, Colorado
Professor and Chairman 36: Fractures in the Ankylosed Spine
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation
Medicine JOHN C. FRANCE, MD
University of Chicago Medicine and the Biological Professor, Vice Chairman, Chief of Spine Surgery
Sciences Orthopaedic Surgery
Chicago, Illinois West Virginia University
28: Professionalism and the Economics of Orthopaedic Morgantown, West Virginia
Trauma Care 33: Craniocervical Injuries. B: Atlas Fractures and
Atlantoaxial Injuries, C: C2 Fractures
RYAN DUFFY, MD
Orthopaedic Trauma Fellow BRETT A. FREEDMAN, MD
University of California San Francisco/San Francisco LTC, MC, U.S. Army
General Hospital Chief, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
Orthopaedic Trauma Institute Landstuhl Regional Medical Center
San Francisco, California U.S. Army Base—Landstuhl, Germany
65: Fractures of the Tibial Pilon 16: Compartment Syndromes
x Contributors
RICHARD GANNON, PHARM D DANIEL J. GIANOLI, MD
Pharmacy Clinical Specialist–Pain Management Clinical Instructor
Department of Pharmacy University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Hartford Hospital Assistant Staff
Hartford, Connecticut; Hartford Hospital
Assistant Clinical Professor Hartford, Connecticut
School of Pharmacy 14: Medical Management of the Orthopaedic Trauma
University of Connecticut Patient. A: Acute Pain Management, Regional
Storrs, Connecticut Anesthesia Techniques, and Management of Complex
14: Medical Management of the Orthopaedic Trauma Regional Pain Syndrome
Patient. A: Acute Pain Management, Regional
Anesthesia Techniques, and Management of Complex PETER GINAITT, BS, RN EMT-C
Regional Pain Syndrome Director Office of Emergency Preparedness
Rhode Island Hospital
JOSHUA L. GARY, MD Providence, Rhode Island
Assistant Professor 12: Disaster Management
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Texas Health Science Center—Houston RYAN T. GOCKE, MD
Houston, Texas CDR, MC, U.S. Navy
41: Surgical Treatment of Acetabular Fractures Division Head, Spine Surgery
Naval Hospital Camp Lejeune
RALPH GAULKE, PRIV-DOZ DR MED Camp Lejeune, North Carolina
Trauma Department 33: Craniocervical Injuries. C: C2 Fractures
Hannover Medical School (MHH)–Trauma Department
Hannover, Germany CURTIS GOREHAM-VOSS, PHD
45: Diaphyseal Fractures of the Forearm Biomechanics Postdoctoral Fellow
University of Minnesota
FLORIAN GEBHARD, MD, PHD Minneapolis, Minnesota
Director and Chair 5: Biomechanics of Fractures
Department of Orthopaedic Trauma
Ulm University THOMAS GÖSLING, MD
Ulm, Germany Professor
66: Malleolar Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries of the Ankle Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery
General Hospital Braunschweig
TAD GERLINGER, MD COL, MC, USA (RET) Braunschweig, Germany
Associate Professor of Surgery (Orthopaedics), USUHS 58: Femoral Shaft Fractures
Assistant Professor
Rush University RICHARD A. GOSSELIN, MD, MPH, MSC, FRCS(C)
Chicago, Illinois Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Orthopedic
12: Disaster Management Surgery
Co-Director, Institute for Global Orthopedics and
GEORGE M. GHOBRIAL, MD Traumatology
Resident Physician University of California, San Francisco
Neurological Surgery San Francisco, California
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital 3: The Challenges of Orthopaedic Trauma Care in the
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Developing World
38: Avoiding Complications in Spine Trauma Patients
JAMES A. GOULET, MD
PETER V. GIANNOUDIS, MBBS, MD, FRCS Professor
Professor of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
School of Medicine, University of Michigan Hospitals
University of Leeds Ann Arbor, Michigan
Leeds, United Kingdom 52: Hip Dislocations
58: Femoral Shaft Fractures
69: Periprosthetic Fractures of the Lower Extremity MATT L. GRAVES, MD
Hansjörg Wyss AO Medical Foundation Chair of
Orthopaedic Trauma
Associate Professor and Residency Program Director
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Trauma
University of Mississippi Medical Center
Jackson, Mississippi
8: Principles of Internal Fixation