Sin and Confession on the Eve of the Reformation PDF
Preview Sin and Confession on the Eve of the Reformation
SIN AND CONFESSION ON THE EVE OF THE REFORMATION The Heavenly Road. Illustration from Stephen Lanzkranna, Himmelstrass. im latin genant Scala cell. Johann Otmar: Augsburg, 15ίο. Courtesy of the British Museum. in and Confession on the Eve of the Reformation THOMAS N. TENTLER Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey COPYRIGHT © 1977 BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, GUILDFORD, SURREY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA WILL BE FOUND ON THE LAST PRINTED PAGE OF THIS BOOK THIS BOOK HAS BEEN COMPOSED IN LINOTYPE JANSON PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY To Leslie, Kate, Justin, and Sarah Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xxiii PART ONE: INTRODUCTION I. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 3 Canonical Penance 4 Penance at Death 6 The Penitentials 9 The Functions of Ecclesiastical Penance 12 The Development of Private Penance 16 PENANCES BECOME LIGHTER AND ARBITRARY 16 CONTRITION 18 THE YEARLY NECESSITY OF CONFESSION 20 THE POWER OF THE PRIEST'S ABSOLUTION 2 2 II. THE LITERATURE OF THE FORGIVENESS OF SINS 28 Summas for Confessors 31 Manuals of Confession and Pastoral Care 39 Devotional Literature 46 A Practical Literature 48 PART TWO: THE TEACHING ON SACRAMENTAL CONFESSION AT THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES III. THE PRACTICE OF AURICULAR CONFESSION 57 The Necessity of Sacramental Confession 57 The Frequency of Confession 70 The Conduct of Confession 82 The Expert Confessor 95 The Good, Complete Confession 104 DEFINITIONS 104 THE SIXTEEN CONDITIONS 106 THE COMPLETE CONFESSION 109 THE GENERAL CONFESSION 111 DANGERS 113 vii CONTENTS AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES IL6 AMENDMENT OF LIFE I 20 REITERATION 123 JUDGING CONFESSORS 124 THE SHAME OF THE CONFESSIONAL I 28 CONCLUSION: THE WORK OF THE PENITENT I 30 IV. SIN: THE SUBJECT OF CONFESSION 134 The Sense of Sin 134 VARIETY 135 GRAVITY 140 MORTAL AND VENIAL SINS 144 CONSENT AND MORTAL SIN 148 SINFUL THOUGHTS I 5 3 SCRUPULOSITY AND THE SACRAMENT OF PENANCE 156 Sex and the Married Penitent 162 THE RIGORISM OF MEDIEVAL MORALITY 162 EXCUSING SEX IN MARRIAGE 168 THE CONJUGAL DEBT 170 SEX FOR PLEASURE 174 UNNATURAL ACTS I 86 OTHER RESTRICTIONS ON,THE EXERCISE OF CONJUGAL RIGHTS 208 THE NEGATIVE BALANCE 223 V. THE WORKING OF THE SACRAMENT OF PENANCE 233 Sorrow and the Keys 233 DEFINITIONS OF SORROW 235 SIGNS AND EMOTIONS 238 TESTING 245 ATTRITION AND CONTRITION 2 50 FROM ATTRITION TO CONTRITION, THE DOCTRINE OF THE OBSTACLE, AND THE POWER OF THE KEYS 263 THE ADORNMENT OF THE SOUL: GUIDO DE MONTE ROCHERII AND SYLVESTER PRIERIAS 273 THE ABSOLUTION OF THE PRIEST AND THE FORGIVENESS OF CHRIST 281 CHRIST, FREEDOM, AND MAGIC 294 Restrictions on the Working of the Sacrament of Penance 301 EXCOMMUNICATION 302 RESERVED CASES 304 viii
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