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Silver-Halide Recording Materials: for Holography and Their Processing PDF

456 Pages·1995·25.233 MB·English
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Springer Series in Optical Sciences Volume 66 Editor: Theodor Tamir Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Springer Series in Optical Sciences Editorial Board: A. L. Schawlow A. E. Siegman T. Tamir Managing Editor: H. K. V. Lotsch 42 Principles of Phase Conjugation 59 Photorefractlve Crystals By B. Ya. Zel'dovich, N. F. Pilipetsky, In Coherent Optical Systems and V. V. Shkunov By M. P. Petrov, S. 1. Stepanov, and A. V. Khomenko 43 X-Ray Microscopy Editors: G. Schmahl and D. Rudolph 60 Holographic Interferometry In Experimental Mechanics 44 introduction to Laser Physics By Yu. 1. Ostrovsky, V. P. Shchepinov, By K. Shimoda 2nd Edition and V. V. Yakovlev 45 Scanning Electron Microscopy Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis 61 Millimetre and Submllllmetre Wavelength By L. Reimer Lasers A Handbook of cw Measurements By N. G. Douglas 46 Holography and Deformation Analysis By W. Schumann, J.-P. ZUrcher, and D. Cuche 62 Photoacoustlc and Photothermal Phenomena II Editors: J. C. Murphy, 1. W. Maclachlan Spicer, 47 Tuna ble Solid State Lasers L. C. Aamodt, and B. S. H. Royce Editors: P. Hammerling, A. B. Budgor, 63 Electron Energy Loss Spectrometers and A. Pinto The Technology of High Performance 48 Integrated Optics By H.lbach Editors: H. P. Nolting and R. Ulrich 64 Handbook of NonUnear Optical Crystals 49 Laser Spectroscopy VII By V. G . Dmitriev, G. G. Gurzadyan, Editors: T. W. Hansch and Y. R. Shen and D. N. Nikogosyan 50 Laser-Induced Dynamic Gratings 65 High-Power Dye Lasers By H. J. Eichler, P. GUnter, and D. W. Pohl Editor: F. J. Duarte 51 Tunable Solid State Lasers for Remote Sensing 66 Silver Halide Recording Materials for Holography Editors: R. L. Byer, E. K. Gustafson, and Their Processing and R. Trebino By H. 1. Bjeikhagen 2nd Edition 52 Tunable Solid-State Lasers II 67 X-Ray Microscopy III Editors: A. B. Budgor, L. Esterowitz, Editors: A. G. Michette, G. R. Morrison, and L. G. DeShazer and C. J. Buckley 53 The COl Laser ByW. J. Witteman 68 Holographic Interferometry -Principles and 54 Lasers, Spectroscopy and New Ideas Methods. A Tribute to Arthur L. Schawlow Editor: P. K. Rastogi Editors: W. M. Yen and M. D. Levenson 69 Photoacoustlc and Photothermal Phenomena III 55 Laser Spectroscopy vm Editor: D. Bicanic Editors: W. Persson and S. Svanberg 70 Electron Holography 56 X-Ray Microscopy II By A. Tonomura Editors: D. Sayre, M. Howells, J. Kirz, 71 Energy-Filtering Transmission and H. Rarback Electron Microscopy 57 Single-Mode Fibers Fundamentals Editor: L. Reimer By E.-G. Neumann 58 Photoacoustlc and Photothermal Phenomena Editors: P. Hess and 1. Pelzl Volumes 1-41 are listed at the end of the book H. I. B jelkhagen Silver-Halide Recording Materials for Holography and Their Processing Second Edition With 64 Figures , Springer Professor Dr. HANS I. BJELKHAGEN American Propylaea Corp., 555 S. Woodward, Suite 1109 Birmingham, MI 48009, USA Editorial Board ARTHURL. SCHAWLOW, Ph. D. Professor ANTHONY E. SIEGMAN, Ph. D. Department of Physics, Stanford University Electrical Engineering Stanford, CA 94305, USA E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA THEODOR TAMIR, Ph. D. Polytechnic University 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA Managing Editor: Dr. HELMUT K. V. LaTSCH Springer-Verlag, Tiergartenstrasse 17,0-69121 Heidelberg, Germany ISBN 978-3-540-58619-7 ISBN 978-3-540-70756-1 (eBook) D00O1I 1100..11000077//997788--33--554400--7700775566--11 CIP data applied for This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, reCitation, broadca sting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993, 1995 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1995. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant pro tective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. This text was prepared using the PSTM Technical Word Processor SPIN 10481664 54/3144 -543210 -Printed on acid-free paper The time has come New Lippmann said To talk of many things: Ofp lates and film And HOEs And holographic fringe And that the image may just fade And whether light has wings. Teresa Bjelkhagen Foreword Holography is done primarily on silver-halide photographic materials. This was true from the very beginning in 1947 and remains true today (except, of course, for the mass-production embossing processes, but even these start with a photographic master). Since 1962, the common emulsions used for conventional photography have been abandoned in favor of specialized, high-resolution emulsions that allow holography to realize its rather aston ishing capabilities. Even more unconventional are the various chemical processes for transforming the exposed emulsions into the finished holo gram. Sometimes the usual photographic developers and fixers are used, but more often the chemical processes are highly complicated and esoteric. The aim is to produce holograms with low noise (i.e., low scatter) and with high diffraction efficiency, so that the image will be as clear and bright as possi ble. As a consequence of this research, the quality of holograms has improved spectacularly over the past three decades. This book deals with the photographic process as it applies to hologra phy. It is the only book dedicated to this topic and is the most complete compilation of this vast and important technology. Dr. Bjelkhagen has done the holography community a worthy service by producing this work. And his credentials are impeccable. He has worked for over two decades on making holograms on silver-halide emulsions and has contributed signifi cantly to the research results that he writes about. This book, made possible by his considerable expertise, will be of great value to anyone seriously in terested in the process of making high-quality holograms. November, 1994 Emmett N. Leith VII Preface This book is devoted first and foremost to silver-halide recording materials for holography and their processing methods. Silver halides are commonly used in the recording of holograms and are particularly popular in display holography and scientific imaging where the demands placed on the re cording material are extremely high. The fact is that lasers and the holo graphic equipment of today are capable of producing holograms of the highest possible quality; the limitations on the quality of holograms lie in the recording material itself. For this very reason the author is convinced that a systematic and exhaustive presentation of silver-halide materials - their features and qualities, the various processing methods and techniques that can be chosen from and applied in the holographic process, as well as the relevant chemical formulas and recipes to be used - will be beneficial to any reader interested in holography. It is the author's hope that the book will be able to serve as a source to which the interested reader may refer for advice on any point connected with the above, as well as that it will provide the reader with a general understanding and an overall view of how the materials work and of ways to achieve the best results from them. This book is based on the author's long experience in the field, com bined with careful studies of more than 800 scientific papers and publica tions dealing with silver-halide materials and their processing techniques. Among the references, the reader will find many publications from the former Soviet Union, where the extensive research in this field has resulted in many remarkable contributions to holography. As most of those contri butions have been published only in the Russian language, the author would like to pass on some of that experience in the field to the Western world. Although this book is intended primarily for readers already somewhat familiar with holography, it may also be useful to students interested in the theoretical and practical aspects of holographic silver-halide recording mat erials and their processing methods. For scientists working in the field of holography the book is meant to serve as both a general reference book in the area and a laboratory handbook. Finally and hopefully, for the experi enced holographer it will provide the inspiration for further research and aid him/her in creating holograms of unsurpassed quality and vividness yet to be seen: the real world captured in a three-dimensional nutshell. Evanston, IL January 1993 H.l. Bjelkhagen IX Acknowledgements In the course of writing this book I have received assistance and help from various people who have directly or indirectly contributed to its final shape. I would like to thank each and all of them. Particularly, thanks are due to my two Swedish colleagues, Dr. Nils Abramson and Per Skande, both of whom were involved in the early development of holographic imaging and processing methods for silver-halide materials. In addition, I would like to express gratitude to both Dr. Robert Sekulin, Rutherford Laboratory, and Dr. Homaira Akbari, CERN, for their collaboration in some of the experi ments concerning the influence of processing methods on the holographic image resolution. I also wish to gratefully acknowledge many fruitful dis cussions with Dr. Nicholas Phillips of Loughborough University as well as his comments on an early version of the manuscript. Edward Wesly of the Lake Forest College is gratefully acknowledged for helping me with some experiments on pulsed-holography processing and for many valuable dis cussions we had together. Likewise, I am grateful to Dr. Vladimir Markov from Kiev· for his contribution to my understanding of ultrafine-grained holographic materials, and many useful and stimulating discussions. Dr. Ventseslav Sainov contributed with a detailed account of Bulgarian emul sion making and processing methods and shared with me his experience concerning various practical problems connected with holographic record ing materials. At Northwestern University, Gale Hagan helped me with preparing the tables and Nabeel Rasheed assisted me in producing the com puter-generated illustrations. I am also indebted to Dr. Helmut Lotsch of Springer-Verlag for his encouragement and support in writing this book. Last but not least, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Teresa Bjelkhagen who helped me enormously to improve both the quality of English as well as that of the scientific meaning of the text. She made it possible for me to take part of the work published in other languages, by providing me with English translations of various publica'tions from Russian and Spanish. XI Contents 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 1.1 History.................................... 4 1.1.1 Before Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 1.1.2 Early Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 1.2 Recording Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 1.2.1 Silver-Halide Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 1.2.2 Non-Silver Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 a) Dichromated Gelatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 b) Photopolymer Materials .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 c) Photoresist Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 d) Thermoplastic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 e) Ferroelectric Crystals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 f) Additional Materials ..................... 12 2. Silver-Halide Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 2.1 Theory of Sil ver-Halide Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 2.1.1 Photographic Silver-Halide Materials. . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 2.1.2 Photographic Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 a) Exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15 b) The Characteristic Curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16 c) Photographic Sensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18 2.1.3 Emulsion Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19 a) Granularity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19 b) Resolving Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 c) Modulation Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 d) Acutance ............................. 22 e) Halation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 2.1.4 Holographic Emulsions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 a) Demands on the Recording Emulsion. . . . . . . . . .. 23 b) Resolution of the Holographic Image. . . . . . . . . .. 25 Image resolution dependent on the recording material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 Image resolution dependent on other factors than material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29 c) The Space-Bandwidth Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 2.2 Emulsion Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 2.2.1 Conventional Photographic Emulsions. . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 a) Silver-Halide Emulsion Manufacturing. . . . . . . . .. 34 XIII

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