Table Of Content

Samuel H. Russ Signal Integrity Applied Electromagnetics and Professional Practice Signal Integrity Samuel H. Russ Signal Integrity Applied Electromagnetics and Professional Practice SamuelH.Russ UniversityofSouthAlabama Mobile,AL,USA ISBN978-3-319-29756-9 ISBN978-3-319-29758-3 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-29758-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016931870 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland Contents 1 TheBasics:Charge,Energy,Time,andDistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GettingBacktoBasics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ConsequencesoftheBasics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Distance,Time,Speed,andc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 TheEffectofDielectrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Risetime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 LumpedVersusDistributed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CombiningRisetimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 KneeFrequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 PracticalMatters:CircuitBoardsandDebugging. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ComponentsandComponentPackages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Engineer’sNotebook:MoreAboutComponentPackaging. . . . . . . 14 WhatIsaCircuitBoard?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 HowAreCircuitBoardsMade?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 HowAreCircuitBoardsUsedtoMakeaProduct?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Backup:HowDidWeGetHere?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 HowAreCircuitBoardsDesigned?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TheBoardIsDead.NowWhat?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 Gates,Packaging,andBoards:PropertiesandModeling. . . . . . . . 25 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 WhatLimitsWhatIsPossible?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 PowerandHeatDissipation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 SummarizingtheEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 SimplestGateModel. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 29 v vi Contents ElectricalModeling. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . 31 TheModelingProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Engineer’sNotebook:MoreAboutCapacitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 TheLimitsofModeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4 CircuitElements:Resistance,Capacitance,andInductance. . . . . . 37 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 ReviewingtheReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 WhatIsResistance?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 WhatIsCapacitance?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 FindingCapacitance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 WhatIsInductance?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 CalculatingInductance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 InductanceandReturnCurrent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 InductanceandtheSkinEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5 GroundBounceandRinging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 TheRoleofInductance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 WhatIsGroundBounce?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 ResultsofGroundBounce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Engineer’sNotebook:TheGroundBouncePulse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Engineer’sNotebook:TheSelf-ResettingBoard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 MinimizingGroundBounce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 WhatIsRinging?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 ResultsofRinging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 MinimizingRinging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 SoWhereIsRingingSeenandNotSeenToday?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 6 DistributedAnalysis:TransmissionLines,Z ,Reflections, 0 andTermination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 WhereCanYouSeeaTransmissionLine?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 TransmissionLine:TheViewfromtheInside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 EstimatingZ inCommonSituations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 0 ApproximateModelofaTransmissionLine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 TheLeftHandandtheRightHand:Reflection andTransmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 TerminatingImpedance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 DeparturesfromtheIdeal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 FixingItWhenIt’sBroke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Engineer’sNotebook:TheHigh-SpeedBusDisaster. . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Contents vii 7 LossyTransmissionLines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 WhatIsAttenuationandHowIsItMeasured?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Frequency-DependentAttenuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 DielectricLoss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 HowDoesDielectricLossAffectε?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 HowDoesDielectricLossAffectSignalPropagation?. . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8 DifferentialSignaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 WhatIsDifferentialSignalingandHowDoesItHelp?. . . . . . . . . . . . 101 WhatIsZ ?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 diff Obstacles:ClockJitterandCommon-ModeSignals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 TerminationStrategiesRevisited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 9 Crosstalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 WhatIsCrosstalk?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Near-EndVersusFar-EndCrosstalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 EstimatingandReducingCrosstalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 DiagnosingCrosstalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Engineer’sNotebook:CrosstalkProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 10 PowerDistributionNetwork:FrequencyDomainAnalysis. . . . . . . 121 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 ThePowerDistributionNetwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 PowerSuppliesandResonance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 DesignStrategy:TheBigPicture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 DesignStrategy:TheDetails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 DesignStrategy:TheRoleofSimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 SelectingBypassCapacitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 11 EMI/EMC:DesignandSusceptibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 EMI/EMC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Circuit-BoardDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 EngineeringNotebook:MountingHoles, CableShields,andGrounding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Chassis. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Cabling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 LegalCertification:StandardsandTestRequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 EngineeringNotebook:GetDownHereRightAway. . . . . . . . . . . 146 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 viii Contents 12 ElectrostaticDischarge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 WhatIsElectrostaticDischarge?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 WhereCanESDOccur?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 ESDandLightningStandardsandTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 ComponentstoManageESD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 DesignTechniquestoManageESD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 13 Clocks,Jitter,andPhased-LockLoops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 ClockJitterandClockSkew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 ClockSources. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 158 OriginsofClockJitterandLayouttoReduceIt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Engineer’sNotebook:TheCrystalLayout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 14 MorePracticalMatters:Testing,Debugging,DFX, andQualityManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 TestingaBoard:TheOscilloscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 DebuggingaBoard:Overview.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 165 TransitioningtoMassProduction. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . 166 Engineer’sNotebook:ConfusingConnectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Engineer’sNotebook:FactoryFire. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 170 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 15 PracticalMattersIII:CommercialandLegalImplications, ProjectManagement,andRiskMitigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 LegalAspectsofDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 CommercialAspectsofDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 EngineeringNotebook:PredictingWhatComesNext. . . . . . . . . . . 175 ProjectManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 RiskMitigation. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 EngineeringCareers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Introduction Why Study This Subject? It is my hope that this book will help the reader understand applied electromag- netics. The book will be getting into some fairly complicated and very abstract topics,butremember–theemphasiswillbeonthepracticalor“applied”aspectsof thesubject. Haveyoueverwonderedwhytheflightattendanttellsyoutoturnoffyourcell phone at takeoff? Have you ever wondered how your hard drive talks to your computerat3gigabitspersecondoveraverythincable?Howdidthecompanythat makesyourcomputer’sprocessorgetittoworkat3GHz? All of these daily examples are part of the world of signal integrity. Signal integrityisthescience(andart)ofdesigningsystemsthatcarrysignalsintactover distanceandthatdonotinterferewitheachother.Thesubjectliesattheintersection ofelectromagneticsandcomputerengineering,andsounderstandingitisvitalfor computerengineersinthegigahertzera. Why This Book? Onemaywonderwhetheratextbooklikethisisworththecost.Inthecaseofthis book, it turns out there are two good reasons. First, this subject is extremely important andrarelytaughtincollege.Sothisbookisnotonlywhatstudentswill usetotakethisclass,itcanalsobecomeapermanentpartofatechnicalbookshelf andmightevenbailyououtifyougetstuckonasignalintegrityissue.Thisbookis designedspecificallyforthatpurpose–thetechnicalbailout.Second,thebookhas plentyofexamplesandsomereal-worldtestimonialsbasedonmyownexperiences. ix

Description:
This textbook teaches how to design working systems at very high frequencies. It is designed to introduce computer engineers to the design of extremely high speed digital systems. Combining an intuitive, physics-based approach to electromagnetics with a focus on solving realistic problems, the autho
ebook img

Signal Integrity: Applied Electromagnetics and Professional Practice PDF

182 Pages·2016·5.66 MB·English
by  Samuel H. Russ (auth.)
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Upgrade Premium
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Signal Integrity: Applied Electromagnetics and Professional Practice

Samuel H. Russ Signal Integrity Applied Electromagnetics and Professional Practice Signal Integrity Samuel H. Russ Signal Integrity Applied Electromagnetics and Professional Practice SamuelH.Russ UniversityofSouthAlabama Mobile,AL,USA ISBN978-3-319-29756-9 ISBN978-3-319-29758-3 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-29758-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016931870 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland Contents 1 TheBasics:Charge,Energy,Time,andDistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GettingBacktoBasics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ConsequencesoftheBasics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Distance,Time,Speed,andc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 TheEffectofDielectrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Risetime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 LumpedVersusDistributed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CombiningRisetimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 KneeFrequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 PracticalMatters:CircuitBoardsandDebugging. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ComponentsandComponentPackages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Engineer’sNotebook:MoreAboutComponentPackaging. . . . . . . 14 WhatIsaCircuitBoard?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 HowAreCircuitBoardsMade?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 HowAreCircuitBoardsUsedtoMakeaProduct?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Backup:HowDidWeGetHere?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 HowAreCircuitBoardsDesigned?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TheBoardIsDead.NowWhat?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3 Gates,Packaging,andBoards:PropertiesandModeling. . . . . . . . 25 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 WhatLimitsWhatIsPossible?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 PowerandHeatDissipation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 SummarizingtheEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 SimplestGateModel. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 29 v vi Contents ElectricalModeling. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . 31 TheModelingProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Engineer’sNotebook:MoreAboutCapacitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 TheLimitsofModeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4 CircuitElements:Resistance,Capacitance,andInductance. . . . . . 37 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 ReviewingtheReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 WhatIsResistance?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 WhatIsCapacitance?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 FindingCapacitance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 WhatIsInductance?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 CalculatingInductance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 InductanceandReturnCurrent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 InductanceandtheSkinEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5 GroundBounceandRinging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 TheRoleofInductance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 WhatIsGroundBounce?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 ResultsofGroundBounce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Engineer’sNotebook:TheGroundBouncePulse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Engineer’sNotebook:TheSelf-ResettingBoard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 MinimizingGroundBounce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 WhatIsRinging?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 ResultsofRinging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 MinimizingRinging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 SoWhereIsRingingSeenandNotSeenToday?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 6 DistributedAnalysis:TransmissionLines,Z ,Reflections, 0 andTermination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 WhereCanYouSeeaTransmissionLine?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 TransmissionLine:TheViewfromtheInside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 EstimatingZ inCommonSituations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 0 ApproximateModelofaTransmissionLine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 TheLeftHandandtheRightHand:Reflection andTransmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 TerminatingImpedance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 DeparturesfromtheIdeal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 FixingItWhenIt’sBroke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Engineer’sNotebook:TheHigh-SpeedBusDisaster. . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Contents vii 7 LossyTransmissionLines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 WhatIsAttenuationandHowIsItMeasured?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Frequency-DependentAttenuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 DielectricLoss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 HowDoesDielectricLossAffectε?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 HowDoesDielectricLossAffectSignalPropagation?. . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8 DifferentialSignaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 WhatIsDifferentialSignalingandHowDoesItHelp?. . . . . . . . . . . . 101 WhatIsZ ?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 diff Obstacles:ClockJitterandCommon-ModeSignals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 TerminationStrategiesRevisited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 9 Crosstalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 WhatIsCrosstalk?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Near-EndVersusFar-EndCrosstalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 EstimatingandReducingCrosstalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 DiagnosingCrosstalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Engineer’sNotebook:CrosstalkProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 10 PowerDistributionNetwork:FrequencyDomainAnalysis. . . . . . . 121 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 ThePowerDistributionNetwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 PowerSuppliesandResonance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 DesignStrategy:TheBigPicture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 DesignStrategy:TheDetails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 DesignStrategy:TheRoleofSimulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 SelectingBypassCapacitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 11 EMI/EMC:DesignandSusceptibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 EMI/EMC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Circuit-BoardDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 EngineeringNotebook:MountingHoles, CableShields,andGrounding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Chassis. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Cabling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 LegalCertification:StandardsandTestRequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 EngineeringNotebook:GetDownHereRightAway. . . . . . . . . . . 146 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 viii Contents 12 ElectrostaticDischarge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 WhatIsElectrostaticDischarge?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 WhereCanESDOccur?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 ESDandLightningStandardsandTesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 ComponentstoManageESD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 DesignTechniquestoManageESD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 13 Clocks,Jitter,andPhased-LockLoops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 ClockJitterandClockSkew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 ClockSources. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 158 OriginsofClockJitterandLayouttoReduceIt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Engineer’sNotebook:TheCrystalLayout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 14 MorePracticalMatters:Testing,Debugging,DFX, andQualityManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 TestingaBoard:TheOscilloscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 DebuggingaBoard:Overview.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 165 TransitioningtoMassProduction. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . 166 Engineer’sNotebook:ConfusingConnectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Engineer’sNotebook:FactoryFire. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 170 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 15 PracticalMattersIII:CommercialandLegalImplications, ProjectManagement,andRiskMitigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 BackgroundandObjectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 LegalAspectsofDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 CommercialAspectsofDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 EngineeringNotebook:PredictingWhatComesNext. . . . . . . . . . . 175 ProjectManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 RiskMitigation. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 EngineeringCareers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Homework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Introduction Why Study This Subject? It is my hope that this book will help the reader understand applied electromag- netics. The book will be getting into some fairly complicated and very abstract topics,butremember–theemphasiswillbeonthepracticalor“applied”aspectsof thesubject. Haveyoueverwonderedwhytheflightattendanttellsyoutoturnoffyourcell phone at takeoff? Have you ever wondered how your hard drive talks to your computerat3gigabitspersecondoveraverythincable?Howdidthecompanythat makesyourcomputer’sprocessorgetittoworkat3GHz? All of these daily examples are part of the world of signal integrity. Signal integrityisthescience(andart)ofdesigningsystemsthatcarrysignalsintactover distanceandthatdonotinterferewitheachother.Thesubjectliesattheintersection ofelectromagneticsandcomputerengineering,andsounderstandingitisvitalfor computerengineersinthegigahertzera. Why This Book? Onemaywonderwhetheratextbooklikethisisworththecost.Inthecaseofthis book, it turns out there are two good reasons. First, this subject is extremely important andrarelytaughtincollege.Sothisbookisnotonlywhatstudentswill usetotakethisclass,itcanalsobecomeapermanentpartofatechnicalbookshelf andmightevenbailyououtifyougetstuckonasignalintegrityissue.Thisbookis designedspecificallyforthatpurpose–thetechnicalbailout.Second,thebookhas plentyofexamplesandsomereal-worldtestimonialsbasedonmyownexperiences. ix

Description:
This textbook teaches how to design working systems at very high frequencies. It is designed to introduce computer engineers to the design of extremely high speed digital systems. Combining an intuitive, physics-based approach to electromagnetics with a focus on solving realistic problems, the autho
See more

The list of books you might like

Upgrade Premium
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.
DMCA & Copyright: Dear all, most of the website is community built, users are uploading hundred of books everyday, which makes really hard for us to identify copyrighted material, please contact us if you want any material removed.
Copyright @ PDFdrive.to, 2022 | We love our users