Siberian Traps and Pt-Cu-Ni Deposits in the Noril’sk Area PDF
Preview Siberian Traps and Pt-Cu-Ni Deposits in the Noril’sk Area
Nadezhda A. Krivolutskaya Siberian Traps and Pt-Cu-Ni Deposits in the Noril’sk Area Siberian Traps and Pt-Cu-Ni Deposits in the Noril’sk Area Nadezhda A . K rivolutskaya Siberian Traps and Pt-Cu-Ni Deposits in the Noril’sk Area With the special cooperation of Alexander Sobolev Nadezhda A. Krivolutskaya Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow , Russia The Work was fi rst published in 2014 by Russian Foundation for Basic Research with the following title: Evolution of Trap Magmatism and Processes Producing PGE-Cu-Nimineralizationin the Noril’sk Area ISBN 978-3-319-17204-0 ISBN 978-3-319-17205-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17205-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015937605 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword This monograph presents a new detailed study of one of the pivotal problems now being discussed by geologists. Siberian traps are unique in several aspects. First, this is the largest magmatic province in the Earth’s continental lithosphere. Second, the origin of this province is thought to have caused the greatest environmental catastrophe in the Earth’s history at the boundary between the Permian and Triassic. Finally, the province is the location of uniquely large Cu–Ni–Pt sulfi de deposits, whose characteristics have no analogs among deposits any- where else worldwide. As a result, hundreds of studies have been devoted to these traps and to the Permian–Triassic mass extinction, and a few dozen such papers are still published annu- ally. Increadible as it is still possible to conduct and publish an extensive amount of research focused on these problems based on extensive new data and presenting new ideas. The mono- graph by N. Krivolutskaya is exactly such study. This study is based on the author’s extensive fi eldwork in the Noril’sk district and presents extensive new data regarding rock compositions (including their trace element compositions) and the chemistries of their ore and silicate minerals. The analyses were conducted using state- of-t he-art analytical techniques: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, laser sam- pling, and mineral analysis using a special ultraprecise electron microprobe methodic. The monograph presents new data regarding the Pb, Nd, Sr, O, and S isotopic compositions of the rocks and minerals. Based on the analytical and geological data, N. Krivolutskaya arrives at several conclusions that contradict traditional views regarding the genesis of both the ores and the basalts. This aspect of the monograph is provocative and will stimulate discussion, which is undoubtedly one of its merits. B elow, I list the major disparities. In contrast to the current widespread viewpoint, the author of the monograph denies direct genetic links between the lavas and ore-bearing bodies and argues that the intrusive bodies were produced by individual magmatic pulses. She also believes that the sulfur in the ore bodies was not of sedimentary origin but was rather derived by magmas from a lower crust or from a specifi c mantle source. The traps are thought not to be mantle products but rather to have been generated via the melting of the lower crust. Although I do not fully share the viewpoint of the author, the fi ndings and conclusions pre- sented in the monograph and in the latest publications coauthored by her attract serious atten- tion to her work. For example, the new model for the interaction of a hot mantle plume enriched in ancient recycled oceanic crustal with continental lithosphere (Sobolev et al. 2011) allows for the extensive remelting of the lower continental crust and corresponding modifi cation of the parental mantle magmas. Sulfi de minerals in this crust are likely to melt, precipitate, and be accumulated in basaltic magmas. Therefore, their unusual sulfur isotopic composition could indeed be inherited from either the ancient recycled crust or the lower continental crust. I cannot agree with the author’s argument that the stable state of the Siberian craton was unfavorable for the emplacement of ancient recycled crustal material during the trap magma- tism. The point is that the recycled oceanic crust, whose traces were discerned in the mantle source of the Siberian traps (Sobolev et al. 2007, 2009, 2011), was likely transported upward by the hot mantle plume from the depth between lower mantle and upper core, where this material could have accumulated for a long time independent of the geodynamics of the v vi Foreword Siberian craton. This conclusion is based on the very high temperatures of the parental mag- mas of the Siberian traps and alkaline rocks in the Maymecha-Kotuy province. Certain other aspects of the study also provoke doubts, but it is well known that the truth ultimately emerges from discussion. I therefore welcome this study and recommend it to those interested in mag- matic ore-forming processes and the genesis of magmas and to geologists studying the Noril’sk district. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry Alexander Sobolev Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow , Russia Institute of Earth Sciences (ISTerre) J. Fourier University Grenoble , France January 20, 2015 Pref ace T his book contains my new data on the geology, geochemistry, and mineralogy of rocks and ores from the Noril’sk region collected during the last 20 years. Majority of the reported data was obtained personally by me and minority in collaboration with other researchers, i.e., A. V. Sobolev, V. N. Mikhailov, D. V. Kuzmin, and A. A. Ariskin, during our joint fi eldworks, sam- ple analysis, and computer modeling. The book also contains several novel unpublished geo- logical large-scale maps that were kindly given by NorilskGeology Ltd. I tried to examine magmatic rocks of trap formation in Noril’sk area including both lavas and intrusions. The latter are represented by massifs of Talnakh and Noril’sk Troughs since they are the most mineralized in the whole area. By analyzing geological relationships between lavas and intrusions and their geochemistry, I came into conclusion that they should not be considered as members of the same magmatic system. I have demonstrated limited scale of the assimilation of surrounding rocks by magma inside crystallization chambers for the fi rst time. That’s why assimilation had no signifi cant impact on the ore formation. I have not tried to compile all materials accumulated during almost a century of study of the Noril’sk deposits. The understanding of their origin is very ambitious and important task, and it is still open for geologists who specialized in various fi elds, i.e., geophysiсs, stratigraphics, mineralogy, etc. N ote that this book comprises about 70 % of the materials from my monograph titled as “Evolution of trap magmatism and processes producing Pt–Cu–Ni mineralization in the Noril’sk area” published in Russian (2014). I preferred to use the nomenclature of rocks common of Noril’sk geologists instead of international one, because it is being used by both domestic and even some international geologists for the last 60 years. I hope this book will be interesting for all researches of copper–nickel deposits across the globe. Moscow, Russia Nadezhda A. Krivolutskaya March 20, 2015 vii To Several Generations of Russian Geologists Who Did the Unique Noril’sk Metallogenic Province in Very Severe Conditions Organization of Geological W orks in the Noril’sk Trough (Noril’sk 1 deposit) 1919–1959 N.N. Urvantsev N.M. Fedorovsky A.E. Nelyubin A.E. Vorontsov I.A. Korovyakov M.F. Smirnov B.N. Rozhkov Yu.M. Sheiman A.I. Koreshkov M.N. Godlevsky N.S. Zontov V.S. Domarev V.K. Kotulsky G.G. Moor V.N. Egorov Discovery of Deposits in the Talnakh Trough (Talnakh and Oktyabr’skoe deposits) 1960–1965 Laureates of the top USSR decorations (Lenin Prize winners, Heroes of Socialist Labor, Order of Lenin) Talnakh — 1960 Oktyabr’skoe — 1965 V.F. Kravtsov G.D. Maslov V.S. Nesterovsky V.F. Kravtsov G.D. Maslov V.A. Lul’ko Yu.N. Sedykh G.I. Saprykin Yu.D. Kuznetsov L.L. Vaulin E.N. Sukhanova F.A. Starshinov V.N. Egorov 1970–2015 V.S. Staroseltsev V.V. Kurgin I.A. Tushentsova V.F. Pzhevsky O.N. Siminov L.I. Trofi mova N.E. Kunilov V.A. Fedorenko K.K. Shad’ko Yu.N. Amosov O.A. Dyuzhikov N.I. Kokorin M.I. Savushkin I.A. Matveev V.A. Teteryuk E.V. Sereda V.N. Mikhailov V.A. Rad’ko + many, many other geologists ix
Description:The list of books you might like
