Shock wave data for minerals

42 Pages·1995·2.331 MB·English

by  T J Ahrens, Mary L Johnson, United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Shock Wave Data for Minerals
Thomas J. Ahrens and Mary L. Johnson
1. INTRODUCTION [ 13,141 is in the mechanics of both the continued
bombardment and hence cratering on planetary objects
Shock compression of the materials of planetary through geologict ime [ 1701,a s well as the effects of giant
interiors yields data, which upon comparison with impacts on the Earth [183,185]. Finally, recovery and
density-pressurea nd density-sound velocity profiles of characterization of shock-compressed materials have
both terrestrial planetary mantles and cores [4,5,94], as provided important insights into the nature of shock
well as density profiles for the interior of the major deformation mechanisms and, in some cases, provided
planets [ 1481, constrain internal composition and physical data on the nature of either shock-inducedp hase
temperature. Other important applicationso f shock wave changes or phase changes which occur upon isentropic
data and related properties are found in the impact releasef rom the high-pressures hock state (e.g., melting)
mechanicso f terrestrial planets and the solid satelliteso f [193,194].
the terrestrial and major planets. Significant processes As indicated for the data summary of Table 1, a very
which can, or have been, studied using shock wave data large data set exists describing the Hugoniot equation of
include: (1) the formation of planetary metallic cores state of minerals. Whereas some earlier summariesh ave
during accretion [ 169,192], and (2) the production of a provided raw shock data [47,121,213], the present
shock-melted “magma ocean” and concurrent impact summary provides fits to shock wave data. Earlier
volatilization versusr etention of volatiles during accretion summariesp roviding fits to data are given by Al’tshuler et
[l]. Also of interest are the shock-induced chemical al. [24] and Trunin [203].
reactions between meteoritic components( e.g. H20 and Hugoniot data specify the locus of pressure-density
Fe: [ 1111). The formation of primitive atmospheres,f or (or specific volume) states which can be achieved by a
example,c ontaining a large fraction of H20 and CO2 is mineral from some initial state with a specified initial
also addressable using shock wave and other density. An analogous summary for rocks, usually
thermodynamic data for volatile-bearing minerals (e.g. describeda s a mixture of minerals are given in Chapter 3-
[110,112]). A related application of both shock 4.
compression and isentropic release data for minerals Three pressure units are commonly in use in the
shock wave literature: kilobar (kbar), gigapascal( GPa),
and megabar (Mbar). These are equal to 109, lOlo, and
T. J. Ahrens and M. L. Johnson, Seismological Laboratory, 1012 dyne/cm2 respectively, or 108, 109, and lo1 1
252-21. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA pascalsi n SI uniis.
91125
2. SHOCK WAVE EQUATION OF STATE
Present Address: M. L. Johnson, Gemological Institute of
America, 1639 Stewart Street, Santa Monica, CA 90404
The propagation of a shock wave from a detonating
Mineral Physics and Crystallography explosive or the shock wave induced upon impact of a
A Handbook of Physical Constants flyer plate accelerated,v ia explosiveso r with a gun, result
AGU Reference Shelf 2
Copyright 1995 by the American Geophysical Union. 143
TABLE 1. Shock Wave Equation of State of Minerals and Related Materials of the Solar System
E
Sample error lower upper References / E
Mineral Formula Density Co ACo S error VP UP Phase* NO. of Temp. Refs. 8
(Mg/m3) (kmhec) (kmhec) AS (kndsec) (kmhec) Data x
s
Gases:
AirC (mixture) 0.884 2.28 __ 1.20 __ 4.317 5.788 2
4.25 __ 0.85 -_ 5.788 7.379 4 [1471
Nitrogen plus 1: 1 N2+02 0.945 1.83 0.11 1.26 0.03 2.235 3.785 2 Cl791
OxygenC
Nitric Oxidee NO 1.263 3.76 0.06 0.98 0.02 2.01 3.245 2 7 [I791
Ammonia’ NH3 0.715 2.45 0.19 1.34 0.04 1.01 7.566 2 12 [83,121,140]/
u591
Argon k Ar 0.0013 0.71 0.10 1.041 0.018 1.73 7.81 2 25 [58,71,84]
Argonf Ar 0.919 1.04 0.06 1.36 0.02 1.59 4.04 2 6 [2141
Argon’ Ar 1.026 1.1 0.2 1.45 0.07 1.42 4.10 2 7 [2131
ArgonC Ar 1.401 1.01 0.10 1.79 0.08 0.301 1.35 2 9
1.28 0.06 1.58 0.02 1.32 3.758 3 24
3.04 0.14 1.09 0.03 3.65 6.451 4 10 [80,121,146,180,
2141 / [80,221]
ArgonC Ar 1.65 0.88 0.15 2.00 0.11 0.56 1.85 2 8
1.9 0.3 1.46 0.10 1.85 3.60 3 7
2.5 0.3 1.29 0.07 3.60 4.60 4 3 [64,109,121,
1891
Carbon co2 1.173 1.54 0.09 1.44 0.03 1.585 3.765 2 16
Dioxide’ 3.3 0.4 1.01 0.07 4.549 6.264 4 3 [147,178]
Carbon CO? 1.541 1.99 0.08 1.56 0.03 1.03 3.68 2
Dioxideh 3.27 -_ 1.21 __ 3.68 4.79 4 [233]
Carbon
MonoxideC co 0.807 1.54 __ 1.40 __ 1.692 2.471 2
2.59 0.04 0.974 0.010 2.471 5.608 3
1.3 0.3 1.21 0.04 5.608 7.92 4 t1501
TABLE 1. Shock Wave Equation of State of Minerals and Related Materials of the Solar System (continued)
Sample error lower upper References /
Mineral Formula Density Co ACo S error UP UP Phase* NO. of Temp. Refs.
(Mglm3) (km/set) Udsec) AS (kmhec) (kmhec) Data
Deuteriumb D2 0.167 1.7 0.6 1.29 0.12 3.678 6.263 2 8
2.4 0.3 1.17 0.03 6.263 9.014 3 4 [63,1W
Heliuma He 0.123 0.674 0.011 1.366 0.002 2.47 9.39 2 3 [ 1451
Hydrogenb H2 0.071 1.128 0.006 1.829 0.013 0 1.105 1 5
1.49 0.08 1.51 0.03 1.105 3.080 2 3
2.38 0.19 1.23 0.03 3.080 9.962 4 10 [63,144,215]
Hydrogena H2 0.089 1.80 0.12 1.89 0.09 0.801 1.525 2 4 [lo91
Methaned W 0.423 2.19 -- 1.35 __ 2.222 3.568 2 2
2.87 0.09 1.166 0.014 3.568 8.341 4 4 u501
Nitrogen k N2 0.0013 0.38 0.02 1.038 0.004 3.80 8.99 2 10 [571
Nitrogen c N2 0.811 0.94 0.10 1.83 0.09 0 1.57 1 9
1.14 0.18 1.59 0.08 1.51 3.26 2 15
2.1 0.3 1.26 0.06 3.26 5.23 3 24
4.0 0.2 0.88 0.04 5.2 8.63 4 12 [60,61,62,121,
146,149,179,
213,233] I
[ 149,160,221]
OxygenC 1.202 1.60 0.16 1.45 0.06 2.06 2.98 2 9
2.35 0.10 1.22 0.02 2.91 6.766 4 16 [121,146,2231
Xenonk Xe 0.012 0.2 0.4 1.15 0.13 1.58 3.33 1
1.5 0.5 0.74 0.13 3.13 4.11 3
0.04 1.14 0.05 4.11 7.69 2
1.8 i:; 0.93 0.05 7.69 11.1 4 [71,81,216]
Xenong Xe 3.006 1.33 0.16 1.33 0.09 1.185 2.51 1
1.7 1.1 2.51 2.7 3
1.49 0.15 1.21 d.05 2.7 3.82 2
1.94 0.14 1.09 0.03 3.82 5.502 4 [151,212,213]
/[161,212]
TABLE 1. Shock Wave Equation of State of Minerals and Related Materials of the Solar System (continued)
E
Sample error lower upper References / 2
Mineral Formula Density Co ACo S error UP UP Phase* NO. of Temp. Refs. is
@Q/m3) (kmhec) (krrdsec) AS (krdsec) (kndsec) Data ??
e
Elements:
Antimony Sb 6.695 3.2 -0.8 0 0.311 1 2
2.62 0.02 0.95 0.03 0.311 0.997 2 6
2.03 0.07 1.61 0.04 0.989 2.699 4 13 [121,126,217,
2271
Bismuth Bi 9.817 2.17 0.06 -1.0 0.5 0 0.32 1 17
1.08 0.06 2.20 0.07 0.32 1.183 2 30
2.01 0.04 1.358 0.019 1.183 4.45 4 21 [30,68,89,113,
121,131,166,
217,226]
Carbon:
Graphite 0.4665 0.4 0.3 1.14 0.06 2.114 6.147 2 6 [I211
Graphite 1. ooo 0.79 0.12 1.30 0.03 0.772 5.617 2 36 [121]
Graphite 1.611 1.75 0.09 I .42 0105 0.911 4.22 2 60 [82,121,133,213,
217)
Graphite 1.794 2.04 0.14 1.66 0.08 0 2.563 2 30
4.2 0.5 0.71 0.18 2.372 3.08 3 19
1.9 0.3 1.49 0.07 3.069 5.42 4 41 [82,121,133,213,
2171
Graphite C 2.205 3.11 0.07 4.7 0.2 0.012 0.41 1 12
4.19 0.05 1.83 0.04 0.404 1.9 2 77
7.5 0.3 0.21 0.11 1.89 3.316 3 24
3.92 0.06 1.331 0.008 3.119 28.38 4 22 [58,65,82,121,
126,133,162,
2171
Diamond 1.90 1.2 0.2 1.73 0.05 2 6.5 2 5 u531
Diamond 3.191 7.74 0.05 1.456 0.019 1.364 3.133 2 3 w11
DiamondCl 3.51 12.16 _- 1 _- 2 8.5 2 -- 11531
Glassy Carbon 1.507 2.72 0.11 1.12 0.03 0 5.8 2 45 [82,121,1811
TABLE 1. Shock Wave Equation of State of Minerals and Related Materials of the Solar System (continued)
Sample error lower upper References /
Mineral Formula Density Co ACo S error VP VP Phase* NO. of Temp. Refs.
(Mg/m3) (kmhec) (kmhec) AS (kmhec) (kmhec) Data
Carbon Foam C 0.435 0.85 0.09 0.88 0.05 0.815 2.301 2
-0.35 0.12 1.34 0.02 2.119 6.734 4 ii 11211
Carbon Fibers C 1.519 1.18 0.09 1.73 0.06 0.924 2.361 2 5
2.52 0.10 1.14 0.03 2.361 5.041 4 15 WI
Cobalt co 2.594 -0.15 0.06 1.602 0.017 0.651 6.39 2 11 W-Y
Cobalt co 4.15 0.05 0.03 1.863 0.014 0.615 3.63 2 8 PO93
Cobalt co 5.533 0.42 0.04 2.11 0.02 0.293 2.89 2 10
1.38 0.08 1.76 0.02 2.89 5.2 4 4 PO91
Cobalt co 8.82 4.53 -- 1.77 -_ 0 0.482 1 2
4.77 0.02 1.285 0.014 0.482 2.297 2 17
3.98 0.13 1.66 0.04 2.289 4.32 4 4 [24,121,126,131,
166,217,226]
Copper cu 1.909 0.03 0.08 1.361 0.009 0.661 26.1 2 27 [24,209]
Copper cu 2.887 0.37 0.08 1.406 0.015 1.15 17.25 2 28 [24,121,209]
Copper cu 3.57 0.03 0.02 1.675 0.008 0.63 3.96 2 6 [2091
Copper cu 4.475 1.35 __ -2.02 0 0.315 1 2
0.15 0.05 1.87 6.03 0.315 2.944 2 14
1.9 0.3 1.33 0.05 2.944 9.56 4 8 [56,121,134,136,
204,209]
Copper cu 6.144 2.73 0.11 -1.7 0.8 0 0.534 1 14
0.87 0.07 1.97 0.04 0.534 3.365 2 39
3.2 0.4 1.27 0.07 3.327 8.77 4 5 [56,121,128,134,
136,172,204,
209,217]
Copper cu 7.315 3.15 0.14 -0.4 0.2 0 0.701 1 3
1.73 0.07 1.94 0.04 0.669 3.063 2 18 [56,121,126,128,
134,136l
TABLE 1. Shock Wave Equation of State of Minerals and Related Materials of the Solar System (continued)
ii
Sample error lower upper References / !z
Mineral Formula Density Cc ACo S error UP UP Phase* NO. of Temp. Refs.
(Mg/m3) (kmhec) (kmhec) AS (kmhec) (kndsec) Data 8
$
Copper cu 7.90 3.39 0.04 -0.06 0.08 0 0.646 1 3
s
2.29 0.06 1.90 0.03 0.627 2.969 2 18 [56,121,127,134,
1361 z
Copper cu 8.931 3.982 0.014 1.460 0.006 0 12.1 2 315 [22,24,25,28,29,
30,90,121,126,
131,134,136, K
139,141,143,
z
166,172,184.
205,213,217, F
v1
2261
Germanium Ge 5.328 5.93 0.19 -1.8 0.2 0.0775 1.226 1 17
1.98 0.10 1.63 0.04 1.226 3.188 2 46 [79,121,126,136,
2131
Gold Au 19.263 2.95 0.03 1.81 0.07 0 0.71 1 5
3.08 0.04 1.546 0.019 0.71 3.52 2 11 [24,100,121,131,
166,217,2261
Indium In 7.281 2.54 0.05 1.49 0.03 0.56 2.932 2 15
5.48 -- 0.47 -- 2.932 4.87 4 2 [24,121,166,217,
2261
Iodine I2 4.902 1.62 0.03 1.25 0.04 0.49 0.9 1 5
1.34 0.04 1.59 0.02 0.9 2.66 2 38
2.4 0.3 1.17 0.08 2.65 4.73 4 13 [ 125,213]
Iridium Ir 22.54 3.81 0.05 1.76 0.10 0.933 1 6
4.37 0.07 1.15 0.05 i.933 1.629 3 4
3.36 0.09 1.76 0.04 1.629 3.09 4 3 [24,121,136]
Iron Fe 2.633 -0.04 0.08 1.63 0.04 0.646 3.27 2 6
1.8 0.3 1.28 0.03 3.27 21.54 4 8 [204,209]
Iron Fe 3.359 0.23 0.09 1.67 0.04 0.644 5.52 2 24 [121,134,136,
2041
TABLE 1. Shock Wave Equation of State of Minerals and Related Materials of the Solar System (continued)
Sample error lower upper References I
Mineral Formula Density Co ACo S error UP DP Phase* NO. of Temp. Refs.
(Mg/m3) (kmhec) (kmlsec) AS (kmhec) (kmhec) Data
Iron Fe 4.547 0.57 0.09 1.88 0.04 0.591 3.59 2 33
2.4 0.3 1.38 0.05 3.58 9.1 4 6 [121,134,136,
204,209]
Iron Fe 5.783 3.15 0.10 -1.7 0.6 0 0.537 1 12
1.17 0.03 1.98 0.04 0.537 0.941 2 4
0.01 0.09 3.22 0.08 0.941 1.249 3 3
2.25 0.09 1.61 0.03 1.565 4.95 4 IO [31,121,134,136,
172,213]
Iron Fe 6.972 4.1 -- -1.5 0 0.569 1 2
2.4 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.569 0.85 2 5
1.2 0.3 2.8 0.2 0.85 1.453 3 4
2.77 0.08 1.71 0.04 1.427 3.131 4 15 [121,134,136]
Iron Fe 7.853 5.85 0.12 -1.7 0.8 0 0.573 1 16
3.48 0.05 1.91 0.05 0.763 1.433 2 42
3.94 0.03 1.584 0.013 1.413 4.55 4a 97
5.36 0.07 1.302 0.008 4.50 21.73 4b 18 [24,25,29,30,31,
33,108,121,126,
131,132,134,
136,138,162,
166,172,202,
206,213,217,
226]/[6,20,43,
4.41
Iron-Nickel (Fe, W
(see Taenite)
Iron-Silicon FelTSi 7.641 3.87 0.04 1.67 0.02 0.984 3.568 2 37 [42,121]
Iron-Silicon Fe7Si 7.49 4.01 0.06 1.71 0.04 0.975 2.291 2 3 Wll
Iron-Silicon Fe3Si
(see Suessite)
TABLE 1. Shock Wave Equation of State of Minerals and Related Materials of the Solar System (continued)
Sample error lower upper References I
Mineral Formula Density Co ACo S error UP UP Phase* NO. of Temp. Refs.
(Mg/m3) (km/set) (km/set) AS (ludsec) (kmkec) Data
Lead Pb 4.71 0.31 __ 1.42 __ 0.607 1.016 2 2
0.17 0.06 1.59 0.03 1.016 2.83 3 5
0.78 0.12 1.37 0.03 2.83 5.77 4 3 [209]
Lead Pb 6.79 0.555 0.016 1.726 0.015 0.55 1.44 2 4
0.94 0.05 1.462 0.018 1.44 3.24 3 3
1.36 -- 1.33 __ 3.24 4.85 4 2 ~2091
Lead Pb 8.40 0.71 0.07 2.10 0.14 0.26 0.73 2 3
1.15 0.08 1.59 0.05 0.73 2.18 3 6
1.84 0.05 1.306 0.016 2.18 4.91 4 5 m91
Lead Pb 9.51 1.20 0.07 1.87 0.08 0.46 1.16 2 3
1.58 0.05 1.51 0.02 1.16 2.73 3 3 [2091
Lead Pb 11.345 1.992 0.014 1.511 0.012 0 2.36 2 93
2.70 0.04 1.213 0.006 2.335 19.12 4 42 [25,28,30,33,
121,131,141,
163,166,206,
213,217,226]
Mercury Hg 13.54 1.45 __ 2.26 -- 0 0.56 2 2
1.752 0.007 1.724 0.009 0.56 0.991 4 3 [121,225]
Nickel Ni 1.644 -0.04 0.05 1.32 0.02 0.67 3.15 1 16
-0.4 0.3 1.47 0.06 2.86 5.73 2 19 G'W
Nickel Ni 3.202 -0.09 0.07 1.71 0.02 1.53 4.045 2 6
0.87 0.17 1.46 0.02 4.045 10.31 4 3 PO91
Nickel Ni 4.198 0.02 0.13 1.88 0.05 0.61 3.86 2 15 LW
Nickel Ni 5.15 0.7 __ 1.9 -- 1.23 1.98 2 2
1.40 0.09 1.606 0.019 1.98 8.91 4 7 [209]
Nickel Ni 6.275 0.23 0.09 2.79 0.13 0.54 0.80 1 3
1.02 0.10 2.03 0.05 0.80 3.28 2 9
2.15 __ 1.64 __ 3.28 4.62 4 2 [209]
TABLE 1. Shock Wave Equation of State of Minerals and Related Materials of the Solar System (continued)
Sample error lower upper References /
Mineral Formula Density Co ACo S error UP UP Phase” NO. of Temp. Refs.
(Mg/m3) (kmlsec) (kmlsec) AS (kmhec) (kmhec) Data
Nickel Ni 8.896 4.57 0.04 0.29 0.17 0 0.354 1 4
3.83 0.17 2.5 0.3 0.349 0.635 2 28
4.31 0.04 I .63 0.03 0.635 2.63 4a 52
5.41 0.08 1.300 0.015 2.63 7.5 4b 18 [24,25,90,121,
131,166,209,
213,217,226]
Palladium Pd 11.996 3.83 0.02 1.83 0.04 0.00 0.825 2 7
4.09 0.05 1.49 0.03 0.803 2.317 4 13 [56,121,136,166,
217,226]
Platinum Pt 21.445 3.587 0.014 1.556 0.008 0.00 3.444 2 29 [86,121,136,166,
217,226]
Rhenium Re 20.53 4.12 0.05 -0.04 0.18 0.00 0.372 1 3
3.56 0.08 1.63 0.08 0.372 1.441 2 7
4.0 0.2 1.32 0.12 1.346 2.028 4 6 [121,136]
Rhenium Re 20.984 4.16 0.04 1.40 0.06 0.00 1.127 2 7 [121,1361
Rhodium Rb 12.422 4.28 0.12 2.7 0.4 0.00 0.426 1 4
4.76 0.05 1.41 0.04 0.369 2.004 2 14
4.043 0.018 1.713 0.006 2.004 3.8 4 3 [24,121,136,166,
2261
Silver Ag 10.49 3.23 0.04 1.59 0.03 0.00 2.149 2 16
3.56 0.13 1.46 0.04 2.12 4.32 4 9 [24,30,56,121,
131,166,217,
2261
Suessite (Fe,Ni)$i 6.870 5.21 -- 2.25 -_ 0.00 0.495 1 2
5.53 0.06 1.23 0.03 0.495 3.627 2 32 [42,121]
Sulfur S 2.02 3.633 0.013 0.606 0.010 0.897 1.470 2 3
2.8 0.3 1.18 0.15 1.431 2.046 4 6 Wll
Taenite (Fe,Ni) 7.933 4.41 0.05 1.01 0.05 0.00 1.09 1 11
(also 3.79 0.05 1 1.65 0.02 1.019 2.777 2 41
Kamacite) 4.20 0.17 1.48 0.05 2.723 4.59 4 11 [36,121,132,136,
2171
TABLE 1. Shock Wave Equation of State of Minerals and Related Materials of the Solar System (continued)
Sample error lower upper References /
Mineral Formula Density Co ACo S error UP UP Phase* NO. of Temp. Refs. i
CJv&/m3) (kndsec) (kmhec) AS (kndsec) (kmhec) Data R
s
Tin Sn 7.299 2.60 0.15 2.2 0.9 0.00 0.304 1 3
3.33 0.07 -0.14 0.15 0.304 0.5 3 6
2.48 0.03 1.57 0.03 0.5 2.15 2 66
3.43 0.03 1.205 0.008 2.15 8 4 33 [24,25,30,121,
126,131,166,
213,217, 2261
Wairauite CoFe 8.091 4.64 0.04 1.63 0.08 0.00 0.647 2 12
5.69 0.02 -0.10 0.02 0.663 1.037 3 5
3.78 0.08 1.62 0.04 1.038 2.801 4 10 Wll
Zinc Zn 6.51 3.69 0.17 0.98 0.12 0.54 2.08 2 3
3.04 0.15 1.35 0.05 2.08 5.04 4 4 PI
Zinc Zn 7.138 3.00 0.02 1.586 0.013 0.00 3.01 2 39
3.70 0.15 1.37 0.04 2.98 4.85 3 10
4.05 0.02 1.303 0.003 4.85 8 4 9 [24,25,30,121,
126,131,166,
217,224, 2261
Carbides:
Moissanite Sic 2.333 2.3 0.3 1.84 0.12 2.048 3.444 4 10 [121,127,136]
Moissanite Sic 3.029 8.4 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.535 2.112 3 3
5.6 0.3 1.62 0.14 2.112 2.842 4 4 Cl211
Moissanite SIC 3.122 8.0 6.0 0.00 0.464 1 2
10.29 i.13 -0.38 0.10 0.674 1.678 3 9
7.84 0.11 1.03 0.05 1.678 2.912 4 10 [ 121,127.136]
Tantalum TaC 12.626 3.32 0.09 1.49 0.05 0.887 2.619 2 20 Cl211
Carbide
Tantalum TaC 14.110 4.34 0.05 1.36 0.03 0.435 3.76 2 21 [121,152]
Carbide