Ship resistance and propulsion : practical estimation of ship propulsive power

563 Pages·2011·8.549 MB·English

by  Anthony F Molland, Stephen R Turnock, Dominic A Hudson

SHIP RESISTANCE AND PROPULSION
ShipResistanceandPropulsionisdedicatedtoprovidingacomprehensiveandmodern
scientific approach to evaluating ship resistance and propulsion. The study of propul-
sive power enables the size and mass of the propulsion engines to be established and
estimates made of the fuel consumption and likely operating costs. This book, written
byexpertsinthefield,includesthelatestdevelopmentsfromappliedresearch,includ-
ingthoseinexperimentalandCFDtechniques,andprovidesguidanceforthepractical
estimationofshippropulsivepowerforarangeofshiptypes.Thistextincludessufficient
publishedstandardseriesdataforhullresistanceandpropellerperformancetoenable
practitioners to make ship power predictions based on material and data contained
within the book. A large number of fully worked examples are included to illustrate
applicationsofthedataandpoweringmethodologies;theseincludecargoandcontainer
ships,tankersandbulkcarriers,ferries,warships,patrolcraft,workboats,planingcraft
and yachts. The book is aimed at a broad readership including practising naval archi-
tectsandmarineengineers,sea-goingofficers,smallcraftdesignersandundergraduate
andpostgraduatedegreestudents.Itshouldalsoappealtoothersinvolvedintransport-
ation,transportefficiencyandeco-logistics,whoneedtocarryoutreliableestimatesof
shippowerrequirements.
Anthony F. Molland is Emeritus Professor of Ship Design at the University of
Southampton in the United Kingdom. For many years, Professor Molland has extens-
ively researched and published papers on ship design and ship hydrodynamics includ-
ing propellers and ship resistance components, ship rudders and control surfaces. He
alsoactsasaconsultanttoindustryinthesesubjectareasandhasgainedinternational
recognitionthroughpresentationsatconferencesandmembershiponcommitteesofthe
InternationalTowingTankConference(ITTC).ProfessorMollandistheco-authorof
Marine Rudders and Control Surfaces (2007) and editor of The Maritime Engineering
ReferenceBook(2008).
Stephen R. Turnock is Professor of Maritime Fluid Dynamics at the University of
Southampton in the United Kingdom. Professor Turnock lectures on many subjects,
including ship resistance and propulsion, powercraft performance, marine renewable
energyandapplicationsofCFD.Hisresearchencompassesbothexperimentalandthe-
oreticalworkonenergyefficiencyofshipping,performancesport,underwatersystems
and renewable energy devices, together with the application of CFD for the design of
propulsion systems and control surfaces. He acts as a consultant to industry in these
subject areas, and as a member of the committees of the International Towing Tank
Conference (ITTC) and International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress (ISSC).
ProfessorTurnockistheco-authorofMarineRuddersandControlSurfaces(2007).
DominicA.HudsonisSeniorLecturerinShipScienceattheUniversityofSouthampton
intheUnitedKingdom.Dr.Hudsonlecturesonshipresistanceandpropulsion,power-
craft performance and design, recreational and high-speed craft and ship design. His
research interests are in all areas of ship hydrodynamics, including experimental and
theoreticalworkonshipresistancecomponents,seakeepingandmanoeuvring,together
withshipdesignforminimumenergyconsumption.Heisamemberofthe26thInter-
nationalTowingTankConference(ITTC)specialistcommitteeonhigh-speedcraftand
wasamemberofthe17thInternationalShipandOffshoreStructuresCongress(ISSC)
committeeonsailingyachtdesign.

Ship Resistance and Propulsion
PRACTICAL ESTIMATION OF
SHIP PROPULSIVE POWER
Anthony F. Molland
UniversityofSouthampton
Stephen R. Turnock
UniversityofSouthampton
Dominic A. Hudson
UniversityofSouthampton
cambridgeuniversitypress
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,
Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521760522
(cid:2)c AnthonyF.Molland,StephenR.Turnock,andDominicA.Hudson2011
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2011
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Molland,AnthonyF.
Shipresistanceandpropulsion:practicalestimationofshippropulsivepower/
AnthonyF.Molland,StephenR.Turnock,DominicA.Hudson.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-521-76052-2(hardback)
1.Shipresistance. 2.Shipresistance–Mathematicalmodels.
3.Shippropulsion. 4.Shippropulsion–Mathematicalmodels.
I.Turnock,StephenR. II.Hudson,DominicA. III.Title.
VM751.M65 2011
623.8′12–dc22 2011002620
ISBN978-0-521-76052-2Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Preface pagexv
Nomenclature xvii
Abbreviations xxi
FigureAcknowledgements xxv
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
History 1
Powering:OverallConcept 3
ImprovementsinEfficiency 3
references (chapter 1) 5
2 PropulsivePower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 ComponentsofPropulsivePower 7
2.2 PropulsionSystems 7
2.3 Definitions 9
2.4 ComponentsoftheShipPowerEstimate 10
3 ComponentsofHullResistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1 PhysicalComponentsofMainHullResistance 12
3.1.1 PhysicalComponents 12
3.1.2 MomentumAnalysisofFlowAroundHull 17
3.1.3 SystemsofCoefficientsUsedinShipPowering 21
3.1.4 MeasurementofModelTotalResistance 23
3.1.5 TransverseWaveInterference 29
3.1.6 DimensionalAnalysisandScaling 33
3.2 OtherDragComponents 36
3.2.1 AppendageDrag 36
3.2.2 AirResistanceofHullandSuperstructure 45
3.2.3 RoughnessandFouling 51
3.2.4 WindandWaves 57
3.2.5 ServicePowerMargins 63
references (chapter 3) 64
v
vi Contents
4 Model-ShipExtrapolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.1 PracticalScalingMethods 69
4.1.1 TraditionalApproach:Froude 69
4.1.2 FormFactorApproach:Hughes 70
4.2 GeosimSeries 71
4.3 FlatPlateFrictionFormulae 72
4.3.1 FroudeExperiments 72
4.3.2 SchoenherrFormula 76
4.3.3 TheITTCFormula 78
4.3.4 OtherProposalsforFrictionLines 79
4.4 DerivationofFormFactor(1+k) 79
4.4.1 ModelExperiments 80
4.4.2 CFDMethods 81
4.4.3 EmpiricalMethods 81
4.4.4 EffectsofShallowWater 82
references (chapter 4) 83
5 Model-ShipCorrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.1 Purpose 85
5.2 Procedures 85
5.2.1 OriginalProcedure 85
5.2.2 ITTC1978PerformancePredictionMethod 87
5.2.3 Summary 90
5.3 ShipSpeedTrialsandAnalysis 90
5.3.1 Purpose 90
5.3.2 TrialsConditions 91
5.3.3 ShipCondition 91
5.3.4 TrialsProceduresandMeasurements 91
5.3.5 Corrections 92
5.3.6 AnalysisofCorrelationFactorsandWakeFraction 94
references (chapter 5) 96
6 RestrictedWaterDepthandBreadth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
6.1 ShallowWaterEffects 97
6.1.1 DeepWater 97
6.1.2 ShallowWater 97
6.2 BankEffects 100
6.3 BlockageSpeedCorrections 100
6.4 Squat 103
6.5 WaveWash 103
references (chapter 6) 105
7 MeasurementofResistanceComponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7.1 Background 108
7.2 NeedforPhysicalMeasurements 108
7.3 PhysicalMeasurementsofResistanceComponents 110
7.3.1 SkinFrictionResistance 110
Contents vii
7.3.2 PressureResistance 115
7.3.3 ViscousResistance 118
7.3.4 WaveResistance 123
7.4 FlowFieldMeasurementTechniques 136
7.4.1 Hot-WireAnemometry 136
7.4.2 Five-HolePitoˆtProbe 136
7.4.3 Photogrammetry 137
7.4.4 Laser-BasedTechniques 138
7.4.5 Summary 140
references (chapter 7) 141
8 WakeandThrustDeduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.1 Introduction 144
8.1.1 WakeFraction 144
8.1.2 ThrustDeduction 145
8.1.3 RelativeRotativeEfficiencyη 145
R
8.2 OriginsofWake 145
8.2.1 PotentialWake:w 146
P
8.2.2 FrictionalWake:w 146
F
8.2.3 WaveWake:w 146
W
8.2.4 Summary 146
8.3 NominalandEffectiveWake 146
8.4 WakeDistribution 147
8.4.1 GeneralDistribution 147
8.4.2 CircumferentialDistributionofWake 148
8.4.3 RadialDistributionofWake 149
8.4.4 AnalysisofDetailedWakeMeasurements 149
8.5 DetailedPhysicalMeasurementsofWake 150
8.5.1 CircumferentialAverageWake 150
8.5.2 DetailedMeasurements 151
8.6 ComputationalFluidDynamicsPredictionsofWake 151
8.7 ModelSelf-propulsionExperiments 151
8.7.1 Introduction 151
8.7.2 ResistanceTests 152
8.7.3 PropellerOpenWaterTests 152
8.7.4 ModelSelf-propulsionTests 152
8.7.5 TrialsAnalysis 155
8.7.6 WakeScaleEffects 155
8.8 EmpiricalDataforWakeFractionandThrustDeductionFactor 156
8.8.1 Introduction 156
8.8.2 SingleScrew 156
8.8.3 TwinScrew 159
8.8.4 EffectsofSpeedandBallastCondition 161
8.9 TangentialWake 162
8.9.1 OriginsofTangentialWake 162
8.9.2 EffectsofTangentialWake 163
references (chapter 8) 164
viii Contents
9 NumericalEstimationofShipResistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
9.1 Introduction 166
9.2 HistoricalDevelopment 167
9.3 AvailableTechniques 168
9.3.1 Navier–StokesEquations 168
9.3.2 IncompressibleReynoldsAveragedNavier–Stokes
equations(RANS) 169
9.3.3 PotentialFlow 170
9.3.4 FreeSurface 171
9.4 InterpretationofNumericalMethods 172
9.4.1 Introduction 172
9.4.2 ValidationofAppliedCFDMethodology 174
9.4.3 AccesstoCFD 176
9.5 ThinShipTheory 177
9.5.1 Background 177
9.5.2 DistributionofSources 178
9.5.3 ModificationstotheBasicTheory 179
9.5.4 ExampleResults 179
9.6 EstimationofShipSelf-propulsionUsingRANS 180
9.6.1 Background 180
9.6.2 MeshGeneration 180
9.6.3 BoundaryConditions 181
9.6.4 Methodology 181
9.6.5 Results 183
9.7 Summary 185
references (chapter 9) 185
10 ResistanceDesignData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
10.1 Introduction 188
10.2 DataSources 188
10.2.1 StandardSeriesData 188
10.2.2 OtherResistanceData 190
10.2.3 RegressionAnalysisofResistanceData 190
10.2.4 NumericalMethods 191
10.3 SelectedDesignData 192
10.3.1 DisplacementShips 192
10.3.2 Semi-displacementCraft 208
10.3.3 PlaningCraft 212
10.3.4 SmallCraft 220
10.3.5 Multihulls 223
10.3.6 Yachts 229
10.4 WettedSurfaceArea 235
10.4.1 Background 235
10.4.2 DisplacementShips 235
10.4.3 Semi-displacementShips,Round-BilgeForms 236
10.4.4 Semi-displacementShips,Double-ChineForms 238
Contents ix
10.4.5 PlaningHulls,SingleChine 239
10.4.6 YachtForms 239
references (chapter 10) 240
11 PropulsorTypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
11.1 BasicRequirements:ThrustandMomentumChanges 246
11.2 LevelsofEfficiency 246
11.3 SummaryofPropulsorTypes 247
11.3.1 MarinePropeller 247
11.3.2 ControllablePitchPropeller(CPpropeller) 248
11.3.3 DuctedPropellers 248
11.3.4 Contra-RotatingPropellers 249
11.3.5 TandemPropellers 250
11.3.6 Z-DriveUnits 250
11.3.7 PoddedAzimuthingPropellers 251
11.3.8 WaterjetPropulsion 252
11.3.9 CycloidalPropeller 252
11.3.10 PaddleWheels 253
11.3.11 Sails 253
11.3.12 Oars 254
11.3.13 LateralThrustUnits 254
11.3.14 OtherPropulsors 255
11.3.15 Propulsion-EnhancingDevices 256
11.3.16 AuxiliaryPropulsionDevices 257
references (chapter 11) 258
12 PropellerCharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
12.1 PropellerGeometry,Coefficients,Characteristics 261
12.1.1 PropellerGeometry 261
12.1.2 DimensionalAnalysisandPropellerCoefficients 266
12.1.3 PresentationofPropellerData 266
12.1.4 MeasurementofPropellerCharacteristics 267
12.2 Cavitation 270
12.2.1 Background 270
12.2.2 CavitationCriterion 272
12.2.3 SubcavitatingPressureDistributions 273
12.2.4 PropellerSectionTypes 275
12.2.5 CavitationLimits 275
12.2.6 EffectsofCavitationonThrustandTorque 277
12.2.7 CavitationTunnels 278
12.2.8 AvoidanceofCavitation 281
12.2.9 PreliminaryBladeArea–CavitationCheck 282
12.2.10 Example:EstimateofBladeArea 284
12.3 PropellerBladeStrengthEstimates 284
12.3.1 Background 284
12.3.2 PreliminaryEstimatesofBladeRootThickness 285
12.3.3 MethodsofEstimatingPropellerStresses 285
x Contents
12.3.4 PropellerStrengthCalculationsUsingSimpleBeam
Theory 286
references (chapter 12) 293
13 PoweringProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296
13.1 SelectionofMarinePropulsionMachinery 296
13.1.1 SelectionofMachinery:MainFactorstoConsider 296
13.1.2 PropulsionPlantsAvailable 296
13.1.3 PropulsionLayouts 299
13.2 Propeller–EngineMatching 299
13.2.1 Introduction 299
13.2.2 ControllablePitchPropeller(CPPropeller) 301
13.2.3 TheMulti-EnginedPlant 302
13.3 PropellerOff-DesignPerformance 303
13.3.1 Background 303
13.3.2 Off-DesignCases:Examples 304
13.4 VoyageAnalysisandIn-serviceMonitoring 306
13.4.1 Background 306
13.4.2 DataRequiredandMethodsofObtainingData 307
13.4.3 MethodsofAnalysis 307
13.4.4 LimitationsinMethodsofLoggingandDataAvailable 310
13.4.5 DevelopmentsinVoyageAnalysis 311
13.4.6 FurtherDataMonitoringandLogging 311
references (chapter 13) 312
14 HullFormDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313
14.1 General 313
14.1.1 Introduction 313
14.1.2 Background 313
14.1.3 ChoiceofMainHullParameters 314
14.1.4 ChoiceofHullShape 318
14.2 ForeEnd 322
14.2.1 BasicRequirementsofForeEndDesign 322
14.2.2 BulbousBows 323
14.2.3 Seakeeping 328
14.2.4 Cavitation 328
14.3 AftEnd 328
14.3.1 BasicRequirementsofAftEndDesign 328
14.3.2 SternHullGeometrytoSuitPoddedUnits 331
14.3.3 ShallowDraughtVessels 333
14.4 ComputationalFluidDynamicsMethodsApplied
toHullFormDesign 334
references (chapter 14) 334
15 NumericalMethodsforPropellerAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337
15.1 Introduction 337
15.2 HistoricalDevelopmentofNumericalMethods 337