Shaping Science and Technology Policy: The Next Generation of Research PDF
Preview Shaping Science and Technology Policy: The Next Generation of Research
Series Editors Daniel Lee Kleinman Jo Handelsman Shaping Science and Technology Policy The Next Generation of Research Edited by . and The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street Madison, Wisconsin 53711 www.wisc.edu/wisconsinpress/ 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU, England Copyright © 2006 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved 1 3 5 4 2 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shaping science and technology policy: the next generation of research / edited by David H. Guston and Daniel Sarewitz. p. cm.—(Science and technology in society) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-299-21910-0 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 0-299-21914-3 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Science and state—Decision making. 2. Technology and state—Decision making. 3. Research—International cooperation. 4. Science and state—Citizen participation. 5. Technology and state—Citizen participation. I. Guston, David H. II. Sarewitz, Daniel R. III. Series. Q125.S5164 2006 338.9´26—dc22 2006008594 Foreword vii . Acknowledgments ix Introduction 3 . 7 1. Ethics, Politics, and the Public: Shaping the Research Agenda 10 . 2. Federal R&D: Shaping the National Investment Portfolio 33 . 3. Universities and Intellectual Property: Shaping a New Patent Policy for Government Funded Academic Research 55 . 4. Geography and Spillover: Shaping Innovation Policy through Small Business Research 77 . . 99 5. EPA’s Drinking Water Standards and the Shaping of Sound Science 102 . 6. The Case of Chemical Hormesis: How Scientific Anomaly Shapes Environmental Science and Policy 124 v vi Contents 7. Earmarks and EPSCoR: Shaping the Distribution, Quality, and Quantity of University Research 149 . 8. Innovation in the U.S. Computer Equipment Industry: How Foreign R&D and International Trade Shape Domestic Innovation 173 . 195 9. Shaping Technical Standards: Where Are the Users? 199 10. Technical Change for Social Ends: Shaping Transportation Infrastructures in U.S. Cities 217 . 11. Shaping Infrastructure and Innovation on the Internet: The End-to-End Network That Isn’t 234 12. Technology Policy by Default: Shaping Communications Technology through Regulatory Policy 256 . 273 13. Engaging Diverse Communities in Shaping Genetics Policy: Who Gets to Shape the New Biotechnology? 276 14. Informed Consent and the Shaping of British and U.S. Population-Based Genetic Research 291 15. Embryos, Legislation, and Modernization: Shaping Life in the UK and German Parliaments 312 16. Reconceptualizing Technology Transfer: The Challenge of Shaping an International System of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer 333 About the Editors 359 About the Contributors 361 Index 365 . The best view of the future is through the eyes of younger scholars who are not yet committed to the view that the future is an evolutionary extensionofthepast.Theworkoftheseauthors,selectedcompetitively fromalargenumberofcandidates,addressesavarietyofnewissuesfrom originalperspectives.Manyoftheideastheypresentwillnotfindquick acceptance in the federal bureaucracy. They are explorations of how scienceandtechnologyoughttoreflecttheconsensusgoalsofsociety. The new perspective takes a more integrated view of policy for sci- enceandscienceforpolicy,recognizingthateachisadriveroftheother. Although the papers are organized into sections for policy, for science, for technology, and for the new genetics, this generation of scholars no longer wastes time fussing over the distinctions among these categories. Theirviewisasoftenglobalasitisdomestic.Noristhereevenawhiff of technological determinism in this writing. The outcomes of debates about policy are, in the authors’ views, clearly shaped by social, cultural, and political forces. But neither do the authors fall into the trap of social construction; both technical facts and gaps in knowledge command at- tention here. David Guston and Dan Sarewitz have made an important contribu- tion to the health of science and technology policy studies in identifying and giving visibility to this group of up-and-coming scholars. In their workthereareagendasforresearchthatdeservesupportfromboth gov- ernment funding agencies and foundations. Unfortunately,thereareveryfewplaceswherescienceandtechnol- ogy policy researchers, especially the younger generation of scholars, canfindresearchsupport.Theunintendedconsequenceofthisunfortu- natesituationisthattheyoungerresearchersareoftenlookingtofunded vii viii Foreword problem-solving projects outside academic support, with the result that their tendency to look at both theoretical constructs and practical ideas concurrently is reinforced. This conference is the second of its kind, to my knowledge, the first having taken place in Hawaii some years ago. It ought to become a pe- riodic event, with both the conference and the publication of its papers supported by one or more foundations or federal agencies. So long as science and technology policy research has no institutional home in the United States, mechanisms to bring the younger investigators together occasionally are particularly important. The debt owed to individuals and organizations for the production of any book is substantial. The debt accumulated for this volume may be alittlemoreso,asitistheproductofagreatmanytalentedhandsand mindsparticipatingoveranumberofyearsinthe“NextGen”project. Derived from a conference sponsored by the National Science Foun- dation (NSF), the chapters of this volume represent but a fraction of the scholarly and professional effort embodied in the Next Generation project. We owe Rachelle Hollander and Joan Siebert at NSF, along with anonymousreviewers,manythanksforhelpingusrefineand,ultimately, forapprovingourproposalfortheconferenceandthisvolume.Toour program committee—Steve Nelson, Lewis Branscomb, Sharon Dun- woody, Diana Hicks, Gene Rochlin, Paula Stephan, Willie Pearson, Mike Quear, and Chuck Weiss—we offer our esteem and gratitude for helping us whittle down the original ninety proposals we received in overwhelming response to our solicitation, to the roughly two dozen younger scholars we invited to speak at the conference. Several mem- bers of the program committee also served as discussants at the confer- ence, as did Barry Bozeman, Andrew Reynolds, Helga Rippen, Chris- topher Hill, David Goldston, and Lee Zwanziger. The project was a cooperative endeavor of Rutgers, The State Uni- versity of New Jersey, where one of us then taught, and the Center for Science, Policy, and Outcomes, then of Columbia University, which the other of us directs. Linda Guardabascio and Fran Loeser at Rutgers were remarkably helpful with the grant management side of the equa- tion, and Ellen Oates with the administrative and editorial side. At CSPO, Stephen Feinson and Shep Ryen kept the project on track. We ix
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