Service characteristics of biomedical materials and implants PDF
Preview Service characteristics of biomedical materials and implants
SERIES ON BIOMATERIALS AND BIOENGINEERING Series Editors: A Batchelor (Monash Univ. Sunway Campus Malaysia Sdn Bhd) J R Batchelor (UK) Margam Chandrasekaran (GINTIC Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore) Vol. 1: An Introduction to Biocomposites by Seeram Ramakrishna (National University of Singapore, Singapore), Zheng-Ming Huang (Tongji University, China), Ganesh V Kumar (National University of Singapore, Singapore), Andrew W Batchelor (Monash University Malaysia, Malaysia) Vol. 2: Life-Enhancing Plastics: Plastics and Other Materials in Medical Applications by Anthony Holmes-Walker (BioInteractions Ltd, UK) Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: Suite 202, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. SERVICE CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS AND IMPLANTS Series on Biomaterials and Bioengineering — Vol. 3 Copyright © 2004 by Imperial College Press All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 1-86094-475-2 Printed in Singapore. Dedicated to Mrs. Valli Boobal Batchelor Shri Comal Neelakantan Margam and Shrimathi Rajeswari Margam v Preface This book grew out of the realization during experimental research about how little is known concerning the service conditions for many implants. Basic information such as the temperature rise on the surface of an orthopaedic implant during vigorous exercise is not known to any great accuracy. However, many fascinating and valuable experimental and theoretical investigations have provided at least a partial picture of processes occurring around an implanted biomaterial. With the increasing range of prostheses and implants available to patients and the rapidly growing level of interest in tissue engineering, it became evident that an introductory text on the service characteristics of biomaterials would be helpful to students and general readers. Information that is distributed around many journals and conferences could be collated and summarized for the benefit of new students to the subject. Due to space limitations, the cited references provide only a selection of the newer publications, if any worker in this field feels neglected, the authors offer their apologies. This is an interdisciplinary subject involving specialists in materials, medical science as well as engineering. It is not often appreciated how different the operating conditions are inside the body from what is typically expected of engineering components. An early example is the synovial joint; because healthy synovial joints enjoy low friction, it was expected that artificial synovial implants would also achieve low friction. vii viii Preface Some workers expressed surprise when synovial fluid failed to lubricate artificial materials effectively. Later investigations revealed the significance of the proteins in synovial fluid, where a hitherto unrecognized mechanism of lubrication prevailed. This book aims to provide a general introduction into the main characteristics of any biomaterial after its implantation in the human body. A careful study of the contents of this book will help the reader to attempt to answer such vital questions as: Will the biomaterial disintegrate prematurely? Will the biomaterial initiate a toxic or inflammatory response in the body? How long can the service life of an implant material be extended? The basic concepts of Materials Degradation, i.e. corrosion, wear, oxidative corrosion and other mechanisms are described in Materials Degradation and its Control by Surface Engineering (Imperial College Press), this book assumes some knowledge of the basic concepts in Materials Degradation. However, as is explained in this book, the body imposes its own unique requirements of materials that would not normally be encountered elsewhere. The long-term service requirements of biomaterials are also much more demanding than is the case for machinery. The book is intended for final year undergraduates, post-graduates who are pursuing a course in biomaterials or biomedical engineering. Professional engineers or scientists involved in such problems as e.g., the design of hip prostheses, may also find the book useful. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the support of Monash University Malaysia and the A-Star Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore. The authors would also like to record their appreciation of the following persons for their kind provision of drawings and photographs in this book: Dr Tom Joyce of the University of Durham (Great Britain) for photographs of the finger prosthesis and its test apparatus (Figures A2.1, A2.2 and A2.3, Appendix 2), Dr Stephen Hsu of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America for colour drawings of arthritic synovial joints (Figure 1.1) and orthopaedic implants for the hip and knee (Figure 1.2) and for photographs of hip and knee implants (Figures 4.3A), Dr Wolfgang Kerkhoffs of the Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Aachen, Germany for pictures of worn heart valves, heart and liver pumps. The picture of the hip implant tester was kindly provided by the BMF Biomechanische Forschungs-Gesellschaft m.b.H Rechte Wienzeile 5/2 A 1040 Vienna, Austria. The efforts of Dr. Tom Joyce (Chapter 4), Dr Neo Tee Khin, external lecturer of National University of Singapore, (Chapter 6) to review the book are also acknowledged with appreciation by the authors. The reviews of Chapters 1,2 and 3 by Prof. J.R. Batchelor, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine are gratefully appreciated. Reviews of Dr. Anders Eric Jarffors, Senior Scientist, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology for Chapters 7-9 and Dr. Anil Kishen, ix x Acknowledgements Asst. Professor, NUS for chapters 10-12 are also acknowledged with thanks. In Chapter 5, the reviews by Dr Wolfgang Kerkhoffs, Dr Takehisa Matsuda (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan) and Dr Naren Vyavahare, Associate Professor of Bioengineering, Clemson University, South Carolina, USA are acknowledged with appreciation. The helpful comments of Prof. Nicholas Spencer, The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, are also acknowledged. The authors also wish to acknowledge the help rendered by Mrs. Valli Boobal Batchelor and Mrs. Lakshmi Chandrasekaran for editing the manuscript. The authors also acknowledge with thanks the encouragement and support of their family members during the writing of this book.
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