Separatist Movements: A Global Reference PDF
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SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS a global reference SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS a global reference BRIAN BEARY A Division of SAGE Washington, D.C. CQ Press 2300 N Street, NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202-729-1900; toll-free, 1-866-4CQ-PRESS (1-866-427-7737) Web: www.cqpress.com Copyright © 2011 by CQ Press, a division of SAGE. CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional Quarterly Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover design: Naylor Design, Inc., Washington, D.C. Maps: International Mapping Associates Composition: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. The paper used in this publication exceeds the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992. Printed and bound in the United States of America 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beary, Brian. Separatist movements: a global reference / Brian Beary. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60426-569-9 (cloth: alk. paper) 1. Autonomy and independence movements. I. Title. JC312.B43 2011 320.01’5—dc22 2010048216 Contents List of Countries ix Alphabetical List of Movements xi List of Biographies xiii List of Maps xv About the Author xvii Preface xix Introduction 1 Africa 15 South Africa Afrikaners 17 Comoro Islands Anjouanais 21 Angola Cabindans 25 Senegal Casamançais 30 Nigeria Ogoni 35 Ethiopia, Kenya Oromo 41 Somalia Somalilanders 46 Ethiopia, Kenya Somalis 51 Cameroon South Cameroonians 56 Sudan South Sudanese 61 Morocco Western Saharans 71 Tanzania Zanzibar and Pemba Islanders 76 Americas 81 Nicaragua Afro-Caribbean and Amerindians 83 United States Alaskans 87 v vi SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS: a global reference Denmark Greenlanders 91 United States Hawaiians 96 Canada Inuit 100 United States Lakota Indians 105 Bolivia Lowlanders 110 Argentina, Chile Mapuche 116 Guatemala, Mexico Mayans 121 United States Puerto Ricans 126 Canada Quebecois 129 Australasia and East Asia 135 Australia Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders 137 Indonesia Acehnese 141 Papua New Guinea Bougainvilleans 147 Laos Hmong 151 Myanmar/Union of Burma Karen 156 Thailand Malays 161 New Zealand Maori 166 Philippines Moros 171 China Taiwanese 176 China Tibetans 181 China Uyghurs 187 South and West Asia 193 Iran Azerbaijanis 195 Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan Baluch 199 India, Pakistan Kashmiris 204 Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey Kurds 209 Afghanistan, Pakistan Pashtuns 219 India Sikhs 225 Contents vii Yemen South Yemenis 231 Sri Lanka Tamils 237 East Europe 243 Georgia Abkhazians 245 Ukraine Crimeans 250 Romania, Serbia, Slovakia Hungarians 256 Azerbaijan Karabakh Armenians 262 Russia North Caucasians 267 Bosnia, Kosovo Serbs 278 Georgia South Ossetians 284 Moldova Transnistrians 289 Cyprus Turkish Cypriots 294 West Europe 301 France, Spain Basques 303 Spain Catalans 309 France Corsicans 313 Belgium Flemings 318 Italy Northern Italians 324 Finland, Norway, Russia, Sweden Saami 328 United Kingdom Scots 333 United Kingdom Welsh 339 Self-determination in International Legal Instruments 343 Bibliography 351 Index 353 List of Countries Country Movement Baluch, Pashtuns Afghanistan 199, 219 Cabindans Angola 25 Mapuche Argentina 116 Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders Australia 137 Karabakh Armenians Azerbaijan 262 Flemings Belgium 318 Lowlanders Bolivia 110 Serbs Bosnia 278 South Cameroonians Cameroon 56 Inuit, Quebecois Canada 100, 129 Mapuche Chile 116 Taiwanese, Tibetans, Uyghurs China 176 , 181, 187 Anjouanais Comoro Islands 21 Turkish Cypriots Cyprus 294 Greenlanders Denmark 91 Oromo, Somalis Ethiopia 41, 51 Saami Finland 328 Basques, Corsicans France 303, 313 Abkhazians, South Ossetians Georgia 245, 284 Mayans Guatemala 121 Kashmiris, Sikhs India 204, 225 Acehnese Indonesia 141 Azerbaijanis, Baluch, Kurds Iran 195, 199, 209 Kurds Iraq 209 Northern Italians Italy 324 Oromo, Somalis Kenya 41, 51 Serbs Kosovo 278 ix x SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS: a global reference Hmong Laos 151 Mayans Mexico 121 Transnistrians Moldova 289 Western Saharans Morocco 71 Karen Myanmar/Union of Burma 156 Maori New Zealand 166 Afro-Caribbeans and Amerindians Nicaragua 83 Ogoni Nigeria 35 Saami Norway 328 Baluch, Kashmiris, Pashtuns Pakistan 199, 204, 219 Bougainvilleans Papua New Guinea 147 Moros Philippines 171 Hungarians Romania 256 North Caucasians, Saami Russia 267, 328 Casamançais Senegal 30 Hungarians Serbia 256 Hungarians Slovakia 256 Basques, Catalans Spain 303, 309 Somalilanders Somalia 46 Afrikaners South Africa 17 Tamils Sri Lanka 237 South Sudanese Sudan 61 Saami Sweden 328 Kurds Syria 209 Zanzibar and Pemba Islanders Tanzania 76 Malays Thailand 161 Kurds Turkey 209 Crimeans Ukraine 250 Scots, Welsh United Kingdom 333, 339 Alaskans, Hawaiians, Lakota United States Indians, Puerto Ricans 87, 96, 105, 126 South Yemenis Yemen 231
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