Sensing Technology: Current Status and Future Trends II PDF
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Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 8 Alex Mason Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay Krishanthi Padmarani Jayasundera Nabarun Bhattacharyya E ditors Sensing Technology: Current Status and Future Trends II Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation Volume 8 Series editor S. C. Mukhopadhyay, Palmerston North, New Zealand For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10617 Alex Mason Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay • Krishanthi Padmarani Jayasundera Nabarun Bhattacharyya Editors Sensing Technology: Current Status and Future Trends II 123 Editors Alex Mason KrishanthiPadmarani Jayasundera School ofBuilt Environment Instituteof FundamentalSciences Built Environmentand Sustainable MasseyUniversity (Manawatu Campus) Technologies Research Institute Palmerston North Liverpool JohnMoores University New Zealand Liverpool UK Nabarun Bhattacharyya Centre forDevelopment inAdvanced SubhasChandra Mukhopadhyay Computing School ofEngineering andAdvanced Kolkata Technology India MasseyUniversity (Manawatu Campus) Palmerston North New Zealand Thebookeditorsare‘‘GuestEditors’’. ISSN 2194-8402 ISSN 2194-8410 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-02314-4 ISBN 978-3-319-02315-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02315-1 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013953628 (cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface The applications of Sensing Technology include medical diagnostics, industrial manufacturing, defense, national security, and prevention of natural disaster. The correct detection of events by high performance sensors, and appropriate analysis of sensor signals can lead to early warning of phenomena, such as ‘‘Superstorm Sandy’’ which hit the eastern coast of the United States in 2012, and help to prevent deaths from these types of catastrophic incident. There is a need for interaction between researchers across technologically advanced and developing countries working on design, fabrication, and development of different sensors. This book contains a collection of selected works stemming from the 2012 International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), which was held in Kolkata,India.Thiswasthesixthtimetheconferencehadbeenheld,andoverthe years it has become an incredibly successful event—in 2012 it attracted over 245 papers and provided a forum for interaction between researchers across techno- logically advanced and developing countries working on design, fabrication, and development of different sensors. The conference was jointly organized by the Center for the Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC), India, and the School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand. We wholeheartedly thankthemembersofCDACforextendingtheirsupporttotheconference,aswell astheauthorsandtheTechnicalProgramCommittee:withoutthesupportofthese people the conference would not be possible. Since ICST provides a platform for a wide range of sensing technologies, however of late there has been significant interest in sensors which mimic the human or other biological sensors, this book focuses specifically on work in this area.Thefirstvolumeofthisbook,availableseparately,considersabroaderrange of sensors and their applications. Chapter 1 discusses the implementation of improved cochlea implants. Such implants seeks provide aid to those who have suffered hearing loss, a problem which impacts over 36 million people. This work seeks to improve the process through which the implants are constructed, moving from wire-based systems to microfabricated electrode arrays, which provides highly localized stimulation and recording of the neural tissue. In addition to it, electronics and sensor integration enhances working performances with added functionality. v vi Preface Chapters 2–4 focus on machine vision systems, considering applications of machine vision for sorting in the food industry (Chap. 2), methods for processing of data produced by vision systems (Chap. 3), and the implementation of a stereovision system for tracking of a moving object. Chapter5considersthedevelopmentandvalidationofanelectronictongue-based sensor, seeking to compare the performance of biochemical systems against the subjectiveevaluationofhumantesters. Chapters 6–11 study the growingly popular electronic nose type sensors, used for a variety of applications; tea quality estimation (Chaps. 7 and 10); food lifetime (Chap. 8) and vapor toxicity (Chap. 11). The final chapter (Chap. 12) discuss the implementation of a sensor testing system, specifically aimed at physiological sensing systems. This is an important consideration;overtimesensorcharacteristicsmayalter,failorbecomeotherwise compromised. It is therefore important to have standard methods to ensure that integrityofsensors,particularlythosewhicharereliedupontoprovidelifecritical information. This book is written for academic and industry professionals working in the field of sensing, instrumentation, and related fields, and is positioned to give a snapshotofthecurrentstateoftheartinsensingtechnology,particularlyfromthe applied perspective. The book is intended to give broad overview of the latest developments, in addition to discussing the process through which researchers go through in order to develop sensors, or related systems, which will become more widespread in the future. We would like to express our appreciation to our distinguished authors of the chapters whose expertise and professionalism has certainly contributed signifi- cantly to this book. Alex Mason Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay Krishanthi Padmarani Jayasundera Nabarun Bhattacharyya Contents 1 Cochlear Implant Electrode Improvement for Stimulation and Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 N. S. Lawand, P. J. French, J. van Driel, J. J. Briaire and J. H. M. Frijns 2 Machine Vision Based Techniques for Automatic Mango Fruit Sorting and Grading Based on Maturity Level and Size . . . 27 C. S. Nandi, B. Tudu and C. Koley 3 Region Adaptive, Unsharp Masking Based Lanczos-3 Interpolation for 2-D Up-Sampling: Crisp-Rule Versus Fuzzy-Rule Based Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 A. Acharya and S. Meher 4 Gaze-Controlled Stereo Vision to Measure Position and Track a Moving Object: Machine Vision for Crane Control . . . . . . . . . 75 Yasuo Yoshida 5 Integrated Determination of Tea Quality Based on Taster’s Evaluation, Biochemical Characterization and Use of Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 P. Biswas, S. Chatterjee, N. Kumar, M. Singh, A. Basu Majumder and B. Bera 6 Electronic Nose and Its Application to Microbiological Food Spoilage Screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 M. Falasconi, E. Comini, I. Concina, V. Sberveglieri and E. Gobbi 7 Multiclass Kernel Classifiers for Quality Estimation of Black Tea Using Electronic Nose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 P. Saha, S. Ghorai, B. Tudu, R. Bandyopadhyay and N. Bhattacharyya vii viii Contents 8 Electronic Nose Setup for Estimation of Rancidity in Cookies . . . 161 D. Chatterjee, P. Bhattacharjee, H. Lechat, F. Ayouni, V. Vabre and N. Bhattacharyya 9 Optimization of Sensor Array in Electronic Nose by Combinational Feature Selection Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 P. Saha, S. Ghorai, B. Tudu, R. Bandyopadhyay and N. Bhattacharyya 10 Exploratory Study on Aroma Profile of Cardamom by GC-MS and Electronic Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 D. Ghosh, S. Mukherjee, S. Sarkar, N. K. Leela, V. K. Murthy, N. Bhattacharyya, P. Chopra and A. M. Muneeb 11 High Frequency Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Device for Toxic Vapor Detection: Prospects and Challenges . . . . . . . . . 217 T. Islam, U. Mittal, A. T. Nimal and M. U. Sharma 12 Electronic and Electromechanical Tester of Physiological Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 E. Sazonov, T. Haskew, A. Price, B. Grace and A. Dollins About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Chapter 1 Cochlear Implant Electrode Improvement for Stimulation and Sensing N.S.Lawand,P.J.French,J.vanDriel,J.J.BriaireandJ.H.M.Frijns Abstract Electrode array, an important component of the Cochlear Implant (CI) designholdsakeypositioninrestoringthehearingprocesstothedeafpatients.It represents a direct interface between the auditory nerve (biological tissue) and the electronicsystemoftheCI.Electrodearraysareavailableindifferentdesign,mater- ial,shapeandsizedependingupontherequirementandtheapplicationofthedevice. Thetraditionalfabricationmethodofthedevicerestrictstheelectrodeusabilityand its performance. In this chapter we investigate and explore capable materials for CI electrode array fabrication used for stimulation purposes. Here we discuss the CMOScompatibleelectrodematerialTitaniumNitride(TiN)asoneofthepossible candidateforelectricalstimulationinelectrodearray.Electricalcharacterizationin termsofcurrentdensity,Electromigration,Impedance,andTemperatureCoefficient of resistance (TCR) for different materials were performed to demonstrate electri- calcompatibility.Micro-fabricationprocessforelectrodearrayisdiscussedwhich exhibits the future advantageous manufacturing technique in comparison with the traditionalmethodusednowadays. B N.S.Lawand( )·P.J.French·J.vanDriel EILab,EWIFaculty,DelftUniversityofTechnology, 2628CD Delft,TheNetherlands e-mail:[email protected] P.J.French e-mail:[email protected] J.vanDriel e-mail:[email protected] J.J.Briaire·J.H.M.Frijns ENTDepartment,LeidenUniversityMedicalCentre, P.O.Box9600,2300RC Leiden,TheNetherlands e-mail:[email protected] J.H.M.Frijns e-mail:[email protected] A.Masonetal.(eds.),SensingTechnology:CurrentStatusandFutureTrendsII, 1 SmartSensors,MeasurementandInstrumentation8,DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-02315-1_1, ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 2 N.S.Lawandetal. · · Keywords Cochlearimplants(CI’s) Microelectrodematerial Neuralstimulation · andsensing TitaniumNitride(TiN) 1 Introduction Hearinglossisobservedinpeopleofallages.Approximately36millionpeopleare affected to some extent of hearing loss in the United States alone [1]. Hearing aid devicesbenefitmanyofthesepatientsbysoundamplificationbutthosewithsevere profound loss of sensory hair cells (sensorineural hearing loss), are not benefited fromthesedevices.Bystudiesithasbeenfoundthat85%ofhearinglossisdueto damageofsensoryhaircellsinsidecochlea.Thisdamagecanbegeneticorcaused by diseases such as meningitis injury, measles disease, and ageing or with intake ofimproperdrugscausingadverseeffectonthefunctioningofthehaircells.Over the last two decades auditory neural prosthesis known as cochlear implants (CI’s) havebenefitedthesepatients.CI’sareimplantabledeviceswhichby-passthenon- functionalinnerearanddirectlystimulatetheauditorynervewithelectriccurrents thusenablingdeafpeopletoexperiencespeechandsoundagain.Itactuallyoverlooks thedamagedorthemissinghaircellswithinthecochleawhichnormallywoulddo thedecodingofthesound.TheCIconsistsofareceiver-stimulatorpackage,which receivespoweranddecodestheinstructionsforcontrollingtheelectricalstimulation, andanelectrodearray,whichhaselectrodesplacedinsidethecochleanearthehair cells in order to stimulate them which are in turn connected to the auditory nerve fibreswhichfurtherconnecttotheauditorycortexofthebrainasseeninFig.1[2]. Fig.1 TheCIwithmicrophone,transmitter,receiver/stimulatorandtheelectrodearray[2]
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