Self-Organized Lightwave Networks : Self-Aligned Coupling Optical Waveguides

225 Pages·2018·20.04 MB·English

by  Yoshimura

Self-Organized
Lightwave Networks
Self-Aligned Coupling
Optical Waveguides

Self-Organized
Lightwave Networks
Self-Aligned Coupling
Optical Waveguides
Tetsuzo Yoshimura
CRC Press
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To the memory of my wife, Yoriko

Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Author ....................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
Chapter 2 Related Technologies ............................................................................5
2.1 Self-Focusing of Lightwaves in Nonlinear Optical Media ........5
2.2 Self-Written Waveguides (SWWs) .............................................6
References ............................................................................................6
Chapter 3 Concepts and Features of Self-Organized Lightwave Networks
(SOLNETs) ...........................................................................................9
3.1 Types of SOLNETs ....................................................................9
3.2 PRI Materials ...........................................................................14
3.3 One-Photon and Two-Photon SOLNETs .................................16
3.4 Fabrication Processes of Targets and Phosphor-Doped
Regions ....................................................................................18
References ..........................................................................................20
Chapter 4 Performance of SOLNETs Predicted by Computer Simulations .......23
4.1 SOLNETs between Microscale Waveguides ...........................23
4.1.1 TB-SOLNET/P-SOLNET ..........................................24
4.1.1.1 Couplings between Waveguides with
Same Core Size ...........................................24
4.1.1.2 Couplings between Waveguides with
Different Core Sizes ...................................30
4.1.2 R-SOLNET .................................................................31
4.2 SOLNETs between Nanoscale Waveguides ............................35
4.2.1 Simulation Models and Procedures ............................36
4.2.2 Butt Joint ....................................................................40
4.2.3 TB-SOLNET/P-SOLNET ..........................................41
4.2.4 R-SOLNET .................................................................48
4.2.5 LA-SOLNET ..............................................................49
4.2.6 Performance of Couplings ..........................................51
4.3 SOLNETs between Microscale and Nanoscale Waveguides ....54
4.3.1 Simulation Models and Procedures ............................54
4.3.2 Butt Joint ....................................................................56
4.3.3 TB-SOLNET/P-SOLNET ..........................................57
vii
viii Contents
4.3.4 R-SOLNET .................................................................60
4.3.5 LA-SOLNET ..............................................................61
4.3.6 Performance of Couplings ..........................................64
4.4 Influence of Write-Beam Wavelengths on SOLNET
Formation ................................................................................67
4.5 Influence of Write-Beam Intensity and Gap Distances on
SOLNET Formation ................................................................70
4.5.1 Write-Beam Intensity .................................................71
4.5.2 Gap Distances .............................................................72
4.6 Vertical SOLNETs ..................................................................77
4.6.1 L-Shaped SWW .........................................................77
4.6.2 R-SOLNET with Wavelength Filters .........................78
4.6.3 Vertical R-SOLNET ...................................................81
4.7 Parallel SOLNETs ...................................................................88
4.7.1 Comparison of Parallel R-SOLNETs and SWWs ......89
4.7.2 Misalignment Tolerance in Parallel R-SOLNETs ......91
4.8 Y-Branching SOLNETs ...........................................................99
4.8.1 Y-Branching TB-SOLNET ........................................99
4.8.2 Y-Branching R-SOLNET .........................................105
References ........................................................................................106
Chapter 5 Preferable Waveguide Growth Condition for SOLNET Formation ....109
5.1 Straight Waveguide Growth ..................................................109
5.2 Vertical Waveguide Growth ..................................................111
5.3 Influence of Write-Beam Absorption and Intensity on
Waveguide Growth ................................................................112
5.3.1 Write-Beam Absorption ...........................................113
5.3.2 Write-Beam Intensity ...............................................115
References ........................................................................................119
Chapter 6 Experimental Demonstrations of SOLNETs ....................................121
6.1 TB-SOLNETs ........................................................................121
6.2 R-SOLNETs ...........................................................................124
6.2.1 R-SOLNET Formed by a Free-Space Write Beam ....124
6.2.2 R-SOLNET with Micromirrors ................................126
6.2.3 R-SOLNET with Reflective Objects ........................129
6.2.4 R-SOLNET with Luminescent Targets ....................131
6.2.4.1 Coumarin-481 Luminescent Targets ........131
6.2.4.2 Alq3 Luminescent Targets ........................137
6.3 Y-Branching SOLNETs .........................................................139
6.4 Two-Photon SOLNETs ..........................................................142
6.4.1 Two-Photon TB-SOLNET .......................................142
6.4.2 Two-Photon R-SOLNET ..........................................144
References ........................................................................................149
Contents ix
Chapter 7 Applications of SOLNETs ................................................................151
7.1 Integrated Optical Interconnects and Switching Systems .....151
7.1.1 Scalable Film Optical Link Module (S-FOLM) ......152
7.1.2 3D OE Platform Built by Self-Organized Optical
Wiring ......................................................................154
7.1.3 Self-Organized 3D-Integrated Optical
Interconnects ............................................................155
7.1.4 Self-Organized 3D-MOSS .......................................158
7.1.5 Effect of SOLNET on Insertion Loss in
3D-MOSS ..............................................................159
7.2 Integrated Solar Energy Conversion Systems .......................166
7.2.1 Waveguide-Type Thin-Film Sensitized Solar Cell .....166
7.2.2 Waveguide-Type Thin-Film Artificial
Photosynthesis Cell ..................................................169
7.2.3 Self-Organized Integrated Solar Energy
Conversion System ...................................................171
7.3 Photo-Assisted Cancer Therapy ............................................172
7.3.1 SOLNET-Assisted Laser Surgery ............................172
7.3.2 SOLNET-Assisted Photodynamic Therapy .............177
7.3.3 Indicator for Reflective or Luminescent
Materials Using R-SOLNET ....................................178
References ........................................................................................179
Chapter 8 Future Challenges .............................................................................183
8.1 Unmonitored SOLNET Formation ........................................183
8.2 Control of Gamma Characteristics of PRI Materials ............184
8.3 Dynamic SOLNETs...............................................................185
8.4 Others ....................................................................................186
Appendix I: Methods of Computer Simulations for SOLNETs ......................187
Appendix II: Molecular Layer Deposition (MLD) ...........................................195
Epilogue ................................................................................................................201
Index ......................................................................................................................203