Self-Organization in Sensor and Actor Networks (Wiley Series in Communications Networking & Distributed Systems)

388 Pages·2008·2.86 MB·English

by  Falko Dressler

Self-Organization in Sensor
and Actor Networks
WILEY SERIES IN COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKING & DISTRIBUTED
SYSTEMS
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Self-Organization in Sensor
and Actor Networks
Falko Dressler
University of Erlangen, Germany
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Dressler,Falko.
Self-Organizationinsensorandactornetworks / FalkoDressler.
p. cm.
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ISBN978-0-470-02820-9 (cloth)
1. Sensornetworks. 2. Self-organizingsystems. 3. Biologically-inspired
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Contents
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
About the Author xix
List of Abbreviations xxi
I Self-Organization 1
1 Introduction to Self-Organization 3
1.1 Understanding self-organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Application scenarios for self-organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 System Management and Control – A Historical Overview 7
2.1 System architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Management and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.1 Centralized control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.2 Distributed systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.3 Self-organizing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 Self-Organization – Context and Capabilities 17
3.1 Complex systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Self-organization and emergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3 Systems lacking self-organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.1 External control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3.2 Blueprints and templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4 Self-X capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5 Consequences of emergent properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.6 Operating self-organizing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.6.1 Asimov’s Laws of Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.6.2 Attractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.7 Limitations of self-organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
viii CONTENTS
4 Natural Self-Organization 33
4.1 Development of understandings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2 Examples in natural sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.2.1 Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2.2 Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3 Differentiation self-organization and bio-inspired . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3.1 Exploring bio-inspired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3.2 Bio-inspired techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.3.3 Self-organization vs bio-inspired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5 Self-Organization in Technical Systems 41
5.1 General applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.1.1 Autonomous systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.1.2 Multi-robot systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.1.3 Autonomic networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1.4 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.1.5 Sensor and Actor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2 Operating Sensor and Actor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6 Methods and Techniques 49
6.1 Basic methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.1.1 Positive and negative feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.1.2 Interactions among individuals and with the environment . . . . . 52
6.1.3 Probabilistic techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6.2 Design paradigms for self-organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.1 Design process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.2.2 Discussion of the design paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
6.3 Developing nature-inspired self-organizing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6.4 Modeling self-organizing systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.1 Overview of modeling techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6.4.2 Differential equation models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.4.3 Monte Carlo simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.4.4 Choosing the right modeling technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Appendix I Self-Organization – Further Reading 61
II Networking Aspects: Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 65
7 Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 67
7.1 Ad hoc networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.1.1 Basic properties of ad hoc networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7.1.2 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.2 Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2.1 Basic properties of sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2.2 Composition of single-sensor nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.2.3 Communication in sensor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79