Self-Control, Decision Theory, and Rationality PDF
Preview Self-Control, Decision Theory, and Rationality
SELF-CONTROL, DECISION THEORY, AND RATIONALITY Thinkingaboutself-controltakesustotheheartofpracticaldecision making, human agency, motivation, and rational choice. Psychologists, philosophers, and decision theorists have all brought valuable insights and perspectives on how to model self-control, on different mechanisms for achieving and strengthening self-control, and on how self-control fits into the overall cognitive and affective economy. Yet these different literatures have remained relatively insulated from each other. Self-Control, Decision Theory, and Rationality brings them into dialog by focusing on the theme of rationality.Itcontainselevennewlywrittenessaysbyadistinguished groupofphilosophers,psychologists,anddecisiontheorists,together with a substantial introduction, collectively offering state-of-the-art perspectives on the rationality of self-control and the different mechanismsforachievingit. jose´ luis bermu´dez isProfessorofPhilosophyandSamuelRhea GammonProfessorofLiberalArtsatTexasA&MUniversity. SELF-CONTROL, DECISION THEORY, AND RATIONALITY New Essays edited by JOSÉ LUIS BERMÚDEZ TexasA&MUniversity UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108420099 doi:10.1017/9781108329170 ©JoséLuisBermúdez2018 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2018 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData names:Bermudez,JoseLuis,editor. title:Self-control,decisiontheory,andrationality:newessays/editedby JoseLuisBermudez,TexasA&MUniversity. description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY: CambridgeUniversityPress,2018. identifiers:lccn2018027623|isbn9781108420099 subjects:lcsh:Self-control–Philosophy.|Decisionmaking–Philosophy. classification:lccbf632.s5242018|ddc153.8–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018027623 isbn978-1-108-42009-9Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents ListofFigures pagevii ListofTables ix ListofContributors x Acknowledgments xii Introduction 1 JoséLuisBermúdez 1 TemptationandPreference-BasedInstrumentalRationality 27 JohannaThoma 2 Self-PredictionandSelf-Control 48 MartinPetersonandPeterVallentyne 3 RationalPlans 72 PaulWeirich 4 Self-ControlandHyperbolicDiscounting 96 ArifAhmed 5 PreferenceReversals,DelayDiscounting,RationalChoice, andtheBrain 121 LeonardGreenandJoelMyerson 6 InWhatSenseAreAddictsIrrational? 147 HowardRachlin 7 WhyTemptation? 167 ChrisoulaAndreou 8 Frames,Rationality,andSelf-Control 179 JoséLuisBermúdez v vi contents 9 ExercisingSelf-Control:AnApparentProblemResolved 204 AlfredR.Mele 10 PuttingWillpowerintoDecisionTheory:ThePerson AsaTeamOverTimeandIntrapersonalTeamReasoning 218 NatalieGold 11 TheManyWaystoAchieveDiachronicUnity 240 KennyEaswaranandReubenStern Index 264 Figures I.1 Theparadigmcaseofself-controlrepresentedasasequential page8 choiceproblem. 1.1 Temptationproblem 30 1.2 Intertemporalprisoner’sdilemma 34 2.1 Chocolate:deterministiccase 51 2.2 Chocolate:probabilisticcase 59 2.3 Allegedfailureofdominance 65 2.4 Allegeddynamicinconsistency 67 3.1 Adecisiontreeforasequenceoftwochoices 76 3.2 Asequentialprisoner’sdilemma 79 3.3 AsequentialversionofAllais’paradox 83 3.4 Asequenceofoffers 91 3.5 Satan’sapple 93 5.1 Thesubjectivevalueofadelayed$10,000rewardplottedas 126 afunctionofthetimeuntilitsreceipt 5.2 Therelativesubjectivevalueofadelayedrewardplottedas 127 afunctionoftimeuntilitsreceipt 5.3 Discountingofdelayedgains(top),delayedlosses(center), 129 andprobabilisticgains(bottom)byalcohol-dependent AfricanAmericansandcontrolindividualsmatched onage,gender,andeducation 5.4 Subjectivevalueofarewardasafunctionofdelayto 131 itsreceipt 5.5 PercentchoiceofthemoreprobablerewardbyK.C. 136 oneachoftwotestingsessionsandbycontrolparticipants 5.6 Subjectivevalueasafunctionofdelay(left)andodds 137 against(right)forK.C.,D.A.,andtheircontrols 6.1 Generaloutlinesofaneurocognitivetheory(right)anda 148 behavioral-economictheory(left) vii viii list of figures 6.2 ContingenciesoftheKudadjie-GyamfiandRachlin(1996) 162 experiment 6.3 ResultsoftheKudadjie-GyamfiandRachlin(1996)experiment 163 8.1 Thestandardrisky-choiceframingparadigm 181 8.2 Theeffectofframingonattitudestowardrisk 181 8.3 TheS-shapedcurveofprospecttheoryintendedto 182 representthevaluefunctionofatypicalindividual 8.4 Illustrationofhowhyperbolicdiscountingcannecessitate 186 theexerciseofself-controlattimet2 8.5 Theparadigmcaseofself-controlrepresentedasa 187 sequentialchoiceproblem 8.6 Theframingmodelappliedtotheparadigmcase 195 ofself-control 11.1 Sampleutilitycurves 247
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