Self-compacting concrete materials, properties and applications PDF
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Self-Compacting Concrete: Materials, Properties, and Applications Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering Self-Compacting Concrete: Materials, Properties, and Applications Edited by Rafat Siddique An imprint of Elsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheOfficers’MessBusinessCentre,RoystonRoad,Duxford,CB224QH,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizations suchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatour website:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden ourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmay becomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-817369-5(print) ISBN:978-0-12-817370-1(online) ForinformationonallWoodheadpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionEditor:GwenJones EditorialProjectManager:MarianaLKuhl ProductionProjectManager:DebasishGhosh CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Contributors Paratibha AggarwalNational Institute ofTechnology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, India YogeshAggarwalNational Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, India HayderH. AlghazaliDepartment ofCivilEngineering, EngineeringCollege, University ofKufa, Kufa, Iraq FarhadAslaniFaculty ofEngineering andMathematicalSciences, School of Engineering, Universityof Western Australia, Perth,WA,Australia T. Bilir Faculty ofEngineering, Department ofCivilEngineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa¸sa,Istanbul, Turkey HongzhiCui Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory ofDurability for Marine CivilEngineering,College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University,Shenzhen, China Andrzej Cwirzen Department ofCivil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea˚ Universityof Technology, Lulea˚,Sweden HassanEl-Chabib Department ofCiviland Environmental Engineering, The Universityof WesternOntario,London,ON, Canada Maryam Ghodrat Centre for Infrastructure Engineering,Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia SteffenGru€newaldDelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,TheNetherlands;Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium SoheilJahandariCentreforInfrastructureEngineering,WesternSydneyUniversity, Sydney,NSW, Australia Alireza JoshaghaniZachryDepartment ofCivilEngineering,Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States x Contributors AlirezaKashaniDepartmentofInfrastructureEngineering,UniversityofMelbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, School ofCiviland Environmental Engineering, University ofNew South Wales,Kensington, NSW, Australia J.M.KhatibFacultyofEngineering,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,BeirutArab University, Beirut, Lebanon,Facultyof Science and Engineering, Universityof Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UnitedKingdom MehrnoushKhavarianSchoolofArchitectureandBuiltEnvironment,Universityof Newcastle, Callaghan,NSW, Australia N.U.KockalFacultyofEngineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey Mohammad Moravvej COWI NorthAmerica Ltd., Vancouver, BC, Canada John J.Myers Civil, Architectural, andEnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, Missouri UniversityofScience and Technology,Rolla,MO, United States Tuan Ngo Department ofInfrastructure Engineering,University ofMelbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia HalehRasekh School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universityof Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia MariaRashidi Centrefor Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney,NSW, Australia Mohammed Sonebi Queens’ University Belfast, Belfast,United Kingdom Waiching Tang School of Architecture andBuiltEnvironment, Universityof Newcastle, Callaghan,NSW, Australia Joost C.WalravenDelft University ofTechnology,Delft,TheNetherlands Ammar Yahia Universityof Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke,QC, Canada AliYousefiSchoolofArchitectureandBuiltEnvironment,UniversityofNewcastle, Callaghan,NSW, Australia Wenzhong Zhu School ofComputing, Engineeringand Physical Sciences, University ofthe West of Scotland,Paisley, UnitedKingdom Preface Self-compactingconcrete(SCC)isahighlyflowableconcretethatfillsformwork,and encapsulateseventhemostcongestedreinforcementwithoutanyexternalvibration. Theconcreteishomogeneousandhasthesameengineeringpropertiesanddurability astraditionalvibratedconcrete.Inthelasttwodecades,concretetechnologyhasmade tremendousadvancessincetheintroductionofSCCandthereisgrowingacceptance ofthishigh-performancematerialaroundtheworldinbothprecastandcast-in-place applications. ThebasicpurposeofthebookSelf-CompactingConcrete: Materials,Properties, andApplicationsistopresentacomprehensiveup-to-datestate-of-the-artonvarious aspects of Self-Compacting Concrete the latest research on various aspects of self- compactingconcrete,includingtestmethods,rheology,strengthanddurabilityprop- erties, SCC properties at elevated temperature, SC manufacturing with the use of SCMs,recycled aggregatesand industrialby-products. Thebookhas13chapters,writtenbyaninternationalgroupofcontributorswhoare closelyassociatedwiththedevelopmentofself-compactingconcrete.Thebookdeals with thelatest stateoftheartliterature,covering allaspectsofSCC which includes Tests & Standards, Rheology, Strength & Durability Properties, SCC at Elevated Temperature, Properties of SCC made with Supplementary Cementing Materials (SCMs), Industrial By-Products and Recycled Aggregates, Fibre Reinforced SCC, and Structural andPractical Applications ofSCC. Idohopethatresearchers,academics,engineers,consultantsandstudentswillfind this edited book to be a systematic source to SCC with its accounting of the latest breakthroughs in the field and discussions of SCC constructability, structural integ- rity, improvedflows intocomplex forms, andsuperior strength and durability. The editor would like to thank all the contributing authors for their outstanding work. Thanks are and maintaining out ambitious schedule for this edited book. I am also extremely grateful to Elsevier, particularly Kenneth P. McCombs, Senior Acquisitions Editor; Mariana K€uhl Leme, Senior EPM; and Mani Indhumathi who kept the editors inline throughout this process. Rafat Siddique 1 Mix design procedure, tests, and standards Mohammed Sonebia,Ammar Yahiab aQueens’ University Belfast, Belfast,United Kingdom,bUniversity of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada 1.1 Mix design procedure of SCC 1.1.1 Background ThemixdesignofSCCischosentoachievetherequiredallperformancecriteriafor theconcreteinboththefreshandhardenedstates.Asinthecaseofvibratedconcrete, thewater-to-supplementarycementitiousmaterials(w/cm)isoneofthefundamental mixtureparametersgoverningtheproperties,includingrheology,strength,anddura- bilityofSCC.Asinthecaseofnormalvibratedconcrete,thew/cmisoneofthefun- damental key factor governing. However, in designing SCC, there are a number of factorsthatshouldbetakenintoconsiderationtoagreaterdegreethanconventional concrete. These include: (1) properties of locally available raw materials, including physicalpropertiesofsupplementarycementitiousmaterials(SCM)mineraladditions andaggregates,(2)properselectionofchemicaladmixturestoensuregoodcompat- ibilities with the selected SCM, and (3) adapt the fresh properties given the casting method(pumping,etc.),geometryofcastelementandreinforcingbarsarrangements. Mix design of SCC should consider both the fresh and hardened properties according to the application on hand. The consideration shall include specifications forthecontentofSCMandfillers,thewatercontentorw/cm,thevolumeofcoarse aggregate,thesand-to-aggregateratio(S/A),aswellastheaircontentfordurability specifications.Properselectionofthetypeandcombinationsofchemicaladmixtures ispartofthemixdesignprocessanddependsontheflowcharacteristicsrequirement given the application on hand. In principle, three basic mixture-proportioning approachesfordesigningSCCmixtureshavebeenused:powdertype(i.e.increasing thepowdercontentandfinefractionsintheformofflyash,blast-furnaceslagorlime- stonefiller);viscosityagenttype(i.e.usingsuitableviscosity-modifyingadmixtureto improve stability of the mixture); and combined type (i.e. combining the above- mentioned approaches). 1.1.2 Mix design approach Inprinciple,threedifferentapproacheshavebeenusedfortheproductionofSCC.The firstapproachconsistsinincreasingthecontentofultra-finesparticlesbytheaddition of SCM. This approach was mainly based on increasing the supplementary Self-CompactingConcrete:Materials,Properties,andApplications.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817369-5.00001-5 Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 2 Self-CompactingConcrete:Materials,Properties,andApplications cementitiousmaterials,includingflyash,blast-furnaceslag,orsilicafume,andfillers content (powder type) (Sonebi and Bartos, 1999; Skarendahl, 2001). The second approachconsistedindecreasingpowdercontentandincorporatingamoderatedos- ageofviscositymodifyingadmixtures(VMA)tosecureanadequatestabilityofthe mixture. On the other hand, the third approach consisted in incorporating relatively moderate dosage of VMA and supplementary cementitious materials to design SCC. The first and second approaches were initially used in Japan and Asia, while the third one was employed in North America (ACI 237). For each of these design approaches, the water content is consequentially selected to ensure the required properties: (a) Minimum freewater content:thiscorrespond tothepowdertypeSCCthat consistsin using a relatively higher content of fine materials and a lowerwater content toenhance rheologyandpassingabilityofSCC.Insuchcases,thew/cmof0.30–0.35istypicallyused withacontentoffines(cid:1)80μmof500–600kg/m3.Thisapproachmayrequire,however,a relatively high dosage of superplasticizer (SP) or high range water reducer admixture (HRWRA) to obtain the targeted deformability. In general, this approach can result in SCCmixtureswithlowyieldvalueandmoderate-to-highviscosity.Thepartialreplacement ofcementwithalessreactivepowderisnecessarytoenhancerheologyandreduceheatof hydration. (b) Moderate water content and proper concentration of viscosity-modifying agent (VMA): This approach corresponds to VMA SCC type. In this approach, the w/cm can bemaintainedattheproperleveltoachievethetargetedmechanicalpropertiesanddura- bility.AproperdosageofVMAisusedtosecureadequatestability,whilereducingthe powder content. Depending on the paste content, the use of VMA along with HRWRA can ensure good deformability and adequate stability, hence resulting in good filling capacity. (c) LowwatercontentandlowconcentrationofVMA:Inthisapproach,thecombinationof a given content of supplementary materials and low dosage of VMA is employed.Such SCCmixturesaretypicallymorerobustthanthoseproportionedwithhighpowdercontent andloww/cm(Khayat,1998;Sonebi,2006).Robustmixturesarelesssensitivetodevia- tionsinthemixturecomposition,characteristicsoftherawmaterials,andwatercontent. 1.1.2.1 Japanese method for designing SCC The Japanese method of designing SCC (Ozawa et al., 1992) is a relatively work- intensive method, but provides a fundamental understanding of the interaction of mixingredientsofSCC.Thismethodcanbesummarizinginthreesteps:performing pastetest,optimizingthemortarpasteandfinallyadjustingSCCmixes.Thismethod isbasedontheassumptionthatmoderate-heatPortlandcementorbelite-richcementis the only source of powder materials. With this method, if the requirement for self- compactabilityissatisfied,therequiredperformanceofthehardenedconcreteisgen- erallyachieved.Thecoarseaggregatecontent(<20mm)shouldbe50%(volumetric coarseaggregatetosolidvolumeinconcreteexcludingair).Theotherpartshouldbe themortarphase,whichiscomposedof40%volumesand(<5mm)and60%cement paste (<0.09mm). The water-powder ratio is assumed to be 0.9–1.0, by volume, depending on the properties of the powder and, finally, the superplasticizer dosage Mixdesignprocedure,tests,andstandards 3 as well as and the final water-powder ratio are determined in order to ensure self- compactability. 1.1.2.2 CBI method for designing SCC TheSwedishCementandConcreteResearchInstitute(PeterssonandBillberg,1999) proposedadesignmethodforSCC.Thisapproachconsiderstheconcreteasasuspen- sionofsolidaggregatephaseinaviscouspastephaseconstitutedbythepowder,water andadmixturesandtakingintoaccountthevoidcontentoftheaggregates,theeffectof theaggregatesonpassingability(riskofblocking)andthephysicalcharacteristicsof finemortar.Theeffectofasinglesizedfractionofaggregateonthepassingabilityis experimentallymeasuredwithL-boxtest(Bartosetal.,2002)andtheblockingratio shouldbe <0.80. 1.1.2.3 Design of experiments (DoE) method Designofexperimentmethod(DoE)hasbeenusedtooptimizeSCCmixesbyinves- tigatingtheinfluenceofmixingredientsontherheologicalparameters,thefillingabil- ity, the passing ability, the segregation and mechanical performances (Khayat and Ghezal,1999;Sonebietal.,2007a,b;Sonebi,2004a,b).TheoptimizationofSCCoften necessitatescarryingoutseveraltrialbatchestoachieveadequatebalancebetweenthe rheologicalandfreshproperties,aswellasthemechanicalperformances.Thefacto- rialdesignmethodwassuccessfullyusedtodeterminetheinfluenceofthekeyparam- eters and their interactions on the relevant properties of SCC, and to establish statistical models, which simplified the test protocol required to optimize a given SCCmixbyreducingthenumberoftrialbatchesneededtoachieveoptimumbalance amongvariousmix variables. 1.1.2.4 Other approaches for designing SCC Other approaches have been reported in the literature. The LCPC method from LaboratoireCentraldesPontsetChauss(cid:1)eesinFrancehasbeenbasedonthesolidsus- pensionmodelstopredictthepackingdensityofalldrygranularconstituents(Sedran and de Larrard, 1999). The University College London method has been developed based on mortar tests (Domone, 2006). On the other hand, the Icelandic Building ResearchInstitutemethod(WallevikandNielsson,1998)hasbeenbasedontherhe- ologicalproperties of SCC (yield stress and plastic viscosity). 1.1.2.5 Typical SCC mixture design ThemixdesignofvariousSCCmixturesusedinJapan,Europe,andNorthAmericais summarized inTables1.1–1.3. On the other hand, the ACI 237 committee recommend typical powder contents giventhe targeted slump flowofSCC (ACI 237) (Table 1.4).
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