Seeing Space PDF
Preview Seeing Space
Seeing Space DedicatedtoJoannaCrone-Ravestein, myguardianangelinlateryears Seeing Space RobertA.Crone LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Appliedfor This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Copyright#2003Swets&ZeitlingerB.V.,Lisse,TheNetherlands Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontainedherein maybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronic,mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingorotherwise,without writtenpriorpermissionfromthepublishers. Althoughallcareistakentoensuretheintegrityandqualityofthispublicationand theinformationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnortheauthor foranydamagetopropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperationoruseofthis publicationand/ortheinformationcontainedherein. Published by: Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers www.szp.swets.nl ISBN 0-203-97104-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 90 265 1955 9 (Print Edition) Contents Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii PartI 1 1.AShortHistoryofSpace 3 Spaceinancienttimes 3 SpacetheoryintheMiddleAges 4 SpaceintheRenaissance 5 Newton’sspace 5 Thegeometryofspace 6 Howemptyisspace? 6 Theprincipleofspecialrelativity 6 Theprincipleofgeneralrelativity 7 Thequantumtheory 7 Objectivespace 9 2.PerceptualSpace 11 Historicalnotes 11 Locke:Primaryandsecondaryfeatures 11 Berkeley 12 Kant 12 Biologicalaspectsofspatiallocalisation 14 Psychologicalaspectsofspatiallocalisation 14 Animalsandpsychology 14 Psychologicaldescriptionofthehumanbeing 15 Realspaceasproofstationforphenomenalspace 15 Theplaceofbiologyandpsychologyinapluralisticworld 16 Theareabetweenperceptionandaction 17 3.Non-VisualSpatialPerception 19 Introduction 19 Theorganofequilibrium 19 Kinaesthesisandtouch 20 Touchandvisioninhistoricalperspective 20 Nativismandempirism 22 vii PartII:TheVisualPerceptionofSpace 25 4.SomeBasicFactsabouttheVisualSystem 27 Theeyeandtheocularmuscles 27 Theopticsoftheeye 27 Theeyemusclesandeyemovements 28 Theretina 29 Thevisualpathways 34 Ashorthistoryofneurallocalisation 38 5.TheEvolutionoftheEyeandtheMovementsoftheEye 43 Theevolutionoftheeye 43 Theevolutionoftheeyemovements 46 Compensatorymovementsandbinocularoptomotorreflexes 46 Monoculareyemovements 47 Thefoveaandthevisualfixationofprey 48 Binocularvisionandconvergenceinthechameleonandinfish 49 Depthvisionanddisparity 51 Binocularvisioninbirds 51 Depthperceptionandthesemidecussationoftheopticnervesin mammals:correspondingbinocularpoints 52 Semidecussationandconjugatemovements 54 6.DirectionalVision 55 Introduction 55 Directionalvisionandeyemovements 55 Retinallocalsigns 56 Theinfluenceofcompensatoryeyemovementsondirectionalvision 56 Influenceofgazemovements 58 Directionalvisionwithtwoeyes 59 Therangeofdirectionalvision 59 Thevisualfield 60 Thechartingofthevisualfieldinthebrain 61 Chartingthevisualfieldintheareastriata 62 Precisionofdirectionalvision 65 Theprecisionofthemotorsystem 65 Thesubjectiveprecisionofdirectionalvision 67 Visualacuity,opticsandcontrast 68 Theopticalquality 70 Contrast 71 Visualsystemsanalysis 71 Theneurophysiologyofthevisualacuity 74 Theretina 75 Thelateralgeniculatebody 77 Thevisualcortex 77 Visualsystemsanalysisandneurophysiology 78 Thepathologyofdirectionalvision 79 viii Contents 7.StereoscopicPerceptionofDepth 83 Amodelofbinocularvision 83 Thehistoryofbinoculardepthperception 86 Somepsycho-physiologicalaspectsofstereopsis 93 Physiologicaldoublevision:therangeoftheobliqueconnections 93 Thehoropter 95 Thelimitsofdepthperception 96 Estimationofabsolutestereoscopicdepth 96 Estimationofrelativestereoscopicdepth 97 Fusion:visionbelowthethresholdofstereoscopicvision 98 Rangeoffusion 99 Thefusioncurveandthemotorroleofdisparity 99 Rivalry,suppressionanddominance 101 Dominance 102 Thepsychophysicsofstereograms 102 Julesz’randomdotspattern 104 Stereoscopyandvergence 108 Theneurophysiologyofbinocularvision 109 Theneurophysiologyofdisjunctivemovements 111 8.ThePathologyofBinocularDepthPerception: SquintandAmblyopia 113 Squint(Strabismus) 113 Ashorthistoryofsquint 113 Abnormalbinocularvision 117 Thecauseofsquint 119 Theontogenyofbinocularvision 120 Amblyopia 121 Neurophysiologyofamblyopia 122 9.ThePerceptionofMovement 125 Introduction 125 Threeformsofmovementperception 125 Movementperceptionwithastationaryeye 125 Movementperceptionwiththefollowingeye 127 Followingmovementsandparafovealfixation 127 Apparentmovement 128 Wanderingstars 128 Inducedmovement 129 Thewaterfallillusion 129 Thefilm 130 Theneurophysiologyofmovementperception 130 Thepathologyofmovementperception 130 10.Theoriesofthevisualperceptionofspace 133 Introduction 133 Contents ix
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