Sedimentary Processes, Environments and Basins: A Tribute to Peter Friend

627 Pages·2007·60.632 MB·English

by  Ian Jarvis(eds.)

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SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES, ENVIRONMENTS AND BASINS
Sedimentary Processes, Environments and Basi n s: A Tribute to Peter Friend Edited by Gary Nichols, Ed Williams and Chris Paola
© 2007 International Association of Sedimentologists. ISBN: 978-1-405-17922-5
9781405179225_1_pre.qxd 10/5/07 2:17 PM Page ii
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9781405179225_1_pre.qxd 10/5/07 2:17 PM Page iii
SPECIAL PUBLICATION NUMBER 38 OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF SEDIMENTOLOGISTS
Sedimentary Processes, Environments
and Basins: a Tribute to Peter Friend
EDITED BY
Gary Nichols, Ed Williams and Chris Paola
SERIES EDITOR
Ian Jarvis
School of Earth Sciences & Geography
Centre for Earth & Environmental Science Research
Kingston University
Penrhyn Road
Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE
UK
9781405179225_1_pre.qxd 10/5/07 2:17 PM Page iv
© 2007 International Association of Sedimentologists
and published for them by
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BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
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The right of Gary Nichols, Ed Williams and Chris Paola to be identified as the
Authors of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with
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retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
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First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
1 2007
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sedimentary processes, environments, and basins : a tribute to Peter Friend / edited by
Gary Nichols, Ed Williams and Chris Paola.
p. cm. — (Special publication number 38 of the International Association of
Sedimentologists)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-7922-5 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Sedimentation and deposition. 2. Environmental geology. 3. Sedimentary
basins. I. Friend, P. F. II. Nichols, Gary. III. Williams, Ed, 1960– IV. Paola,
C. (Chris)
QE571.S4164 2007
551.3—dc22 2007032295
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Contents
Sedimentary processes, environments and basins Peritidal carbonate–evaporite sedimentation
– a tribute to Peter Friend: introduction, 1 coeval to normal fault segmentation during the
G. Nichols, E. Williams and C. Paola Triassic–Jurassic transition, Iberian Chain, 219
M. Aurell, B. Bádenas, A.M. Casas and
Basin-fill incision, Rio Grande and Gulf of
R. Salas
Corinth rifts: convergent response to climatic
and tectonic drivers, 9 A shallow-basin model for ‘saline giants’ based
M.R. Leeder and G.H. Mack on isostasy-driven subsidence, 241
F.JG. Van Den Belt and P.L. De Boer
Drainage responses to oblique and lateral thrust
ramps: a review, 29 Single-crystal dating and the detrital record of
J. Vergés orogenesis, 253
D.W. Burbank, I.D. Brewer, E.R. Sobel and
Stratigraphic architecture, sedimentology and
M.E. Bullen
structure of the Vouraikos Gilbert-type fan delta,
Gulf of Corinth, Greece, 49 Modelling and comparing the Caledonian
M. Ford, E.A. Williams, F. Malartre and and Permo-Triassic erosion surfaces with
S.-M. Popescu present-day topography across Highland
Scotland: implications for landscape
Anatomy of anticlines, piggy-back basins and
inheritance, 283
growth strata: a case study from the Limón
D. MacDonald, B. Archer, S. Murray, K. Smith
fold-and-thrust belt, Costa Rica, 91
and A. Bates
C. Brandes, A. Astorga, P. Blisniuk, R. Littke and
J. Winsemann 40Ar/39Ar dating of detrital white mica as a
complementary tool for provenance analysis: a
Tectono-sedimentary phases of the latest case study from the Cenozoic Qaidam Basin
Cretaceous and Cenozoic compressive evolution (China), 301
of the Algarve margin (southern Portugal), 111 A.B. Rieser, F. Neubauer, Y. Liu, J. Genser,
F.C. Lopes and P.P. Cunha R. Handler, X.-H. Ge and G. Friedl
Late Cenozoic basin opening in relation to major Provenance of Quaternary sands in the Algarve
strike-slip faulting along the Porto–Coimbra– (Portugal) revealed by U–Pb ages of detrital
Tomar fault zone (northern Portugal), 137 zircon, 327
A. Gomes, H.I. Chaminé, J. Teixeira, P.E. Fonseca, C. Veiga-Pires, D. Moura, B. Rodrigues,
L.C. Gama Pereira, A. Pinto de Jesus, A. Pérez N. Machado, L. Campo and A. Simonetti
Albertí, M.A. Araújo, A. Coelho, A. Soares de
Anatomy of a fluvial lowstand wedge: the Avilé
Andrade and F.T. Rocha
Member of the Agrio Formation (Hauterivian) in
Effects of transverse structural lineaments on the central Neuquén Basin (northwest Neuquén
Neogene–Quaternary basins of Tuscany (inner Province), Argentina, 341
Northern Apennines, Italy), 155 G.D. Veiga, L.A. Spalletti and S.S. Flint
V. Pascucci, I.P. Martini, M. Sagri and F. Sandrelli
Anatomy of a transgressive systems tract
Facies architecture and cyclicity of an Upper revealed by integrated sedimentological and
Carboniferous carbonate ramp developed in a palaeoecological study: the Barcellona Pozzo di
Variscan piggy-back basin (Cantabrian Gotto Basin, northeastern Sicily, Italy, 367
Mountains, northwest Spain), 183 C. Messina, M.A. Rosso, F. Sciuto, I. Di Geronimo,
O. Merino-Tomé, J.R. Bahamonde, L.P. Fernández W. Nemec, T. Di Dio, R. Di Geronimo,
and J.R. Colmenero R. Maniscalco and R. Sanfilippo
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vi Contents
Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene sedimentation Creation and preservation of channel-form sand
in the Sinop–Boyabat Basin, north-central bodies in an experimental alluvial system, 555
Turkey: a deep-water turbiditic system evolving B.A. Sheets, C. Paola and J.M. Kelberer
into littoral carbonate platform, 401
Fluvial systems in desiccating endorheic
B.L.S. Leren, N.E. Janbu, W. Nemec, E. Kirman and
basins, 569
A. Ilgar
G. Nichols
Facies anatomy of a sand-rich channelized
Anatomy and architecture of ephemeral, ribbon-
turbiditic system: the Eocene Kusuri Formation
like channel-fill deposits of the Caspe Formation
in the Sinop Basin, north-central Turkey, 457
(Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene of the Ebro
N.E. Janbu, W. Nemec, E. Kirman and V. Özaksoy
Basin, Spain), 591
River morphologies and palaeodrainages of J.L. Cuevas Martínez, P. Arbués Cazo, L. Cabrera
western Africa (Sahara and Sahel) during humid Pérez and M. Marzo Carpio
climatic conditions, 519
Index 613
G.G. Ori, G. Diachille, G. Komatsu, L. Marinangeli
and A. Pio Rossi
Floodplain sediments of the Tagus River,
Portugal: assessing avulsion, channel migration
and human impact, 535
T.M. Azevêdo, A. Ramos Pereira, C. Ramos, E.
Nunes, M.C. Freitas, C. Andrade and D.I. Pereira
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Sedimentary processes, environments and basins –
a tribute to Peter Friend: introduction
GARY NICHOLS*†, ED WILLIAMS‡ and CHRIS PAOLA§
*Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK (Email: [email protected])
†University Centre on Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, Longyearbyen, N-9171, Norway
‡CRPG, B.P. 20, 15, rue Notre-Dame des Pauvres, 54501 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
§Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
It is one thing to be a good scientist, but the scien- be dedicated to Peter, allowing us to invite three
tific community would soon be impoverished if keynote speakers to speak on themes related to his
some of those good scientists were not also able to work. We are grateful to all the Coimbra meeting
inspire and help others. For several decades Peter organizers for allowing us to devote such a signi-
Friend has been one of the leading figures in sedi- ficant part of their conference to honouring Peter
mentology and throughout that time he has helped Friend. The contributors to the plenary session,
scores of other people by supervising doctoral and others presenting papers in related sessions
students, collaborating with colleagues, especially of the meeting, were invited to contribute papers
in developing countries, and being willing self- to this volume, and subsequently a more general
lessly to share ideas with fellow geologists. All those invitation was issued to those who we thought
who have worked with Peter know what a rich might like to provide a manuscript.
experience it is – he is not only inspirational as This collection of papers is a token of thanks from
a scientist, but through his relaxed and friendly a number of people who have benefited from an
manner he reminds us of the pleasure both of association with Peter, whether as doctoral students,
doing good science and of doing well by people in research collaborators or just fellow scientists who
the process. Peter’s style eschews cut-throat com- have encountered him somewhere along the way.
petition and one-upmanship but rather encour-
ages the open sharing of scholarship. The scientific
community of sedimentologists has been enriched PETER FRIEND
by Peter’s scientific and human contribution, and
this volume is a small way of saying thank you Academic leadership comes in many forms. In
to him. Peter’s case it is a subtle blend of encouragement,
The idea of holding some form of conference enthusiasm and inspiration. The most immediate
‘event’ started circulating soon after Peter formally beneficiaries have been the many PhD students
retired as a full-time academic in the Department (over 30) who have been supervised by Peter. Some
of Earth Sciences, Cambridge University, in 2001. worked in areas which were core to Peter’s own
A European meeting of the International Associ- research interests, such as the Old Red Sandstone
ation of Sedimentologists seemed an appropriate provinces of the North Atlantic, the Cenozoic
forum, and the meeting being held in Coimbra, basins of Spain and the foothills of the Himalayas,
Portugal, in September 2004 was in the right place whereas others have carried out their fieldwork in
(close to the areas where Peter had worked in exotic places as far afield as the Antarctic, Siberia
Spain) at the right time. The IAS Bureau, and in and Canada, and worked on topics as varied as
particular Judith McKenzie and José Pedro Calvo, carbonate and evaporite sedimentology, volcani-
provided support and encouragement, and the clastics and coal basins. These doctoral students
organizing committee of the Coimbra meeting (in were from the United Kingdom, North America and
particular Pedro Proença e Cunha) arranged for South Asia, but there have also been researchers
the first morning plenary session of the meeting to from other countries such as Spain and Portugal
Sedimentary Processes, Environments and Basi n s: A Tribute to Peter Friend Edited by Gary Nichols, Ed Williams and Chris Paola
© 2007 International Association of Sedimentologists. ISBN: 978-1-405-17922-5
9781405179225_4_001.qxd 10/5/07 2:17 PM Page 2
2 G. Nichols, E. Williams and C. Paola
who have worked with Peter on many projects.
An enthusiasm for collaboration has always been
a hallmark of Peter’s career, and the outcomes have
been very fruitful. In some cases he has worked with
researchers in other fields of earth science, such
as fluid dynamics to better understand sediment
transport processes in rivers (Dade & Friend, 1998;
Friend & Dade, 2005), or using provenance tech-
niques to unravel exhumation and erosion histor-
ies (White et al., 2002). Peter has also collaborated
with local geologists in the countries where he has
carried out research, for example in Spain (Friend
et al., 1981; Friend & Dabrio, 1996), India (Friend
& Sinha, 1993; Sinha & Friend, 1994, 1999; Sinha Fig. 1 Oligo-Miocene alluvial-fan conglomerate body in
et al., 1996) and Pakistan (Abbasi & Friend, 1989, the Ebro Basin, Spain, an area where Peter Friend has
1993, 2000; Friend et al., 2001). worked for many years and led field trips there as part
International collaboration is not always easy: of International Fluvial Sedimentology Conferences in
sometimes people feel protective about ‘their’ patch 1981 and 1989.
of geology, they do not always welcome others com-
ing along to work in the same area, and they may Closer to home, in the UK geological community,
be suspicious of suggestions of joint project pro- Peter was one of the first to be involved with the
posals. Peter’s gentle style of diplomacy seems to British Sedimentological Research Group (BSRG)
have allowed him to work with anyone, anywhere. in the 1960s, which were the early days of modern
Any tensions which might exist between countries sedimentology. At that time, the concepts of look-
do not seem to have hindered Peter working with, ing at sedimentary rocks in terms of processes of
for example, both Pakistani and Indian colleagues deposition and the recognition of facies were still
during the course of his work in the Himalayan relatively new, and the discipline of sedimentology
foothills, and even the rivalries which used to exist has made huge advances during the course of
between different geology departments in Spain Peter’s career. Peter has continued to regularly
apparently posed few problems. attend the annual BSRG meetings, held at univer-
The sharing of ideas is always one of the object- sity geology departments around the British Isles,
ives of scientific conferences, and so Peter has for many years. The emphasis in BSRG annual
long been a contributor to national and international meetings has always been to provide a forum for
meetings. These conferences have not necessarily postgraduate students and postdoctoral workers
always been the big international jamborees, but to present their work in a supportive context,
instead the smaller, local or regional conferences, and as such they strike a chord with Peter’s own
such as the annual meetings of the IAS. Every approach to fostering and encouraging research in
four years since 1977 an international meeting of sedimentology.
fluvial sedimentologists has taken place, and The ‘Friends of the Devonian’ is a loose associ-
Peter can claim to have attended more of these ation of enthusiasts of the Old Red Sandstone of
fluvial meetings than almost anybody else. Part of the North Atlantic borderlands who have regularly
the attraction for all who attend these meetings held informal field meetings in Britain and Ireland.
has always been the opportunities to participate Although probably considered by many to have
in field trips in locations like eastern Australia, South been dormant for a while, some of these ‘friends’
Africa, northern Spain (Fig. 1) and the Rocky recently got together with others to put together a
Mountains. These relatively small meetings, and the collection of papers under the editorship of Peter
field excursions associated with them, have created Friend and Brian Williams (Friend & Williams,
an international community of fluvial sedimento- 2000), a timely synthesis of recent work on the tec-
logists, within which Peter has long played a tonic development and controls on depositional
leading part. facies of the ‘Old Red Sandstone continent’.
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Introduction 3
Fig. 3 Multistorey fluvial channel-fill sandstone bodies,
Oligo-Miocene, Ebro Basin, Spain.
Fig. 2 Red beds of Devonian strata on Spitsbergen,
where Peter Friend worked with Mark Moody-Stuart on
the distinctive characteristics of ancient fluvial systems.
understanding of subaqueous dune behaviour
(Allen & Friend, 1976a,b). A long association with
Spanish sedimentology began with fieldwork in
Peter’s papers at conferences are typically deliv-
Cenozoic fluvial deposits of the Ebro Basin lead-
ered in a manner that is deceptively low-key, but
ing to a much-cited paper (Friend et al., 1979)
they leave you thinking afterwards. Paper titles
which was one of the first to look at the architec-
such as ‘Distinctive features of some ancient river
ture of fluvial deposits in the stratigraphic record,
systems’ (Friend, 1978) and ‘Towards the field
followed by later papers which expanded on this
classification of alluvial architecture or sequence’
theme (Friend, 1983; Friend et al., 1986). In particu-
(Friend, 1983) are similarly beguiling. These are
lar, this work highlighted the concept of ‘multi-
landmark papers in which Peter says ‘here are some
storey’ sand bodies (Fig. 3), which remains a core
issues that need to be considered’ rather than pro-
idea and source of insight in alluvial architecture
viding complete answers and neat classifications.
to this day. Some of the ideas on river systems which
The test of these is that the aspects of fluvial sedi-
Peter had formed in Devonian and Cenozoic rocks
mentology which are covered in these papers
were pursued further in the Himalayas, with stud-
have been revisited over and over again by those
ies on the Siwalik Group in Pakistan (e.g. Abbasi
who have followed after. Apart from his own
& Friend, 2000, Friend et al., 2001) and on modern
presentations, Peter contributes to the conference
deposits of the Indo-Gangetic plain (e.g. Sinha &
proceedings with his ability to ask the most inci-
Friend, 1994; Fig. 4).
sive questions in the most understated and non-
confrontational way.
Many of Peter’s earliest papers were on the
Devonian of Spitsbergen (Fig. 2), Scotland and
East Greenland, covering aspects of stratigraphy
and sedimentology of the areas in which he and
his colleagues and students carried out fieldwork.
These thorough, detailed field studies provided
the basis for new ideas about fluvial systems of
the past, including the concept of downstream
decrease in discharge (Friend & Moody-Stuart,
1972), and used systematic, statistical approaches
to the analysis of sedimentological data (Friend
et al., 1970b). Studies closer to home in Norfolk in
collaboration with one of the other leading figures
of sedimentology, John R.L. Allen, led to a better Fig. 4 Modern river systems, southern Himalayas.
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4 G. Nichols, E. Williams and C. Paola
Outside of ‘pure’ sedimentology, the paper of sedimentology. Many of Peter’s papers have con-
Peter Friend’s which probably receives the most cita- sidered sedimentary rocks from this viewpoint,
tions was co-authored with Gian Ori, then at the starting with some of his earliest work on the
University of Bologna: ‘Sedimentary basins formed Devonian of the Isle of Arran, Scotland (Friend
and carried piggyback on active thrust sheets’ et al., 1963), the Pyrenees (Friend et al., 1996) and
(Ori & Friend, 1984). Once again, this presented a the Himalayas (Abbasi & Friend, 2000). These dif-
deceptively simple concept by demonstrating that ferent scales of tectonic controls are also repre-
basins in thrust belts can be allochthonous, and sented in the ten papers grouped under this
showed what features can be used to show this. theme in this volume.
Other authors have subsequently used different ter- The Spanish Pyrenees and the Himalayas provide
minology (‘thrust-top basin’, ‘wedge-top trough’), excellent case studies of the interaction of thrust
but the idea is essentially the same. tectonics and fluvial sedimentation, themes on
A look through the catalogue of Peter’s publi- which Peter published a number of times (Abbasi
cations over a period of 45 years reveals a mixture & Friend, 1989, 2000; Friend et al., 1989, 1996,
of papers which focus on documenting data (e.g. 1999; Lloyd et al., 1998). The Pyrenees is one of the
the work in East Greenland, Friend et al., 1976a,b; case studies used by Vergés (this volume) in his
Friend & Alexander-Marrack, 1976; Friend & review of thrust tectonics and fluvial sedimentation,
Nicholson, 1976; Friend & Yeats, 1978), reviews of which also draws on information from Iran and
areas or processes (e.g. Friend, 1969, 1973, 1981, South America. Of the other papers that concen-
1996) and what might be called ‘ideas’ papers (e.g. trate on sedimentation in compressional settings,
Friend, 1993; Stolum & Friend, 1997; Friend et al., Brandes et al. (this volume) look at the evolution
1999). The total number of papers is in the high of a thrust belt in Costa Rica and Lopes & Cunha
80s and counting, ranging from field guides and (this volume) also use sedimentary data to unravel
local journals, to the most prestigious interna- the development of the Algarve margin, Portugal.
tional journals. These publications have provided Merino et al.(this volume)relate cycles in Carboni-
data, comparison between disparate areas, and ferous shallow marine carbonate and clastic facies
ideas which have helped a couple of generations to their tectonic setting in a piggy-back basin,
of geologists. whereas a second paper on carbonates by Aurell
et al. (this volume) considers deposition in an
extensional setting. A major Neogene extensional
THIS VOLUME regime, the Gulf of Corinth in Greece, is the focus
of a study by Ford et al. (this volume), who pro-
The only criterion that we adopted in our invitation vide a detailed analysis of Pleistocene fan-delta
to contribute to this volume was that the work deposition. The same area is also used as a source
should be in some way related to the themes of of examples for Leeder & Mack (this volume) in
Peter Friend’s research career. Of course, this pro- a paper that reviews climatic and tectonic controls
vided a huge scope because, as is apparent from on erosion and incision. To complete the range
the work published by Peter and his research stu- of tectonic settings, there are two papers which
dents, there is hardly any aspect of sedimentology consider deposition in strike-slip settings, one in
which would be excluded on this basis. Neverthe- Portugal by Gomes et al. (this volume), and the
less, some general themes have emerged that do other in the Apennines by Pascucci et al.(this vol-
reflect Peter’s interests, and these have formed the ume). Finally, a larger scale of tectonic control on
basis for a division of the volume into four sections. sedimentation is tackled by van den Belt & de Boer
(this volume) who analyse the relations between
Tectonics and sedimentation isostasy and subsidence in large evaporite basins.
It is easy to forget that the concept of studying Landscape evolution and provenance
sediments in their tectonic context, and looking
for evidence of tectonic controls on sedimentation The importance of the relationship between the
and stratigraphy, has not always been mainstream evolution of hinterland landscape and the supply of