Sediment Matters PDF
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Peter Heininger · Johannes Cullmann Editors Sediment Matters Sediment Matters Peter Heininger Johannes Cullmann (cid:129) Editors Sediment Matters 123 Editors Peter Heininger Johannes Cullmann Federal InstituteofHydrology IHP/HWRP Koblenz Federal InstituteofHydrology Germany Koblenz Germany ISBN 978-3-319-14695-9 ISBN 978-3-319-14696-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14696-6 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014959852 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Erosion,sedimentationprocessesandmanagementincatchments,riversystemsand reservoirshavereachedglobalimportance.Sedimenttransportisavitalcomponent of natural hydromorphological regimes. Contaminated sediments canhave adverse effects on people, environment and economy. Sediment is a fundamentally importantcomponentofaquaticecosystems.Wherehumanactivitiesinterferewith sediment quantity or quality, sediment management becomes necessary. Sediment processes and their socio-economic and environmental impacts are many and varied, making it almost impossible to treat them all in the framework of a single book. Rather, the purpose of this book is to provide exemplary insights into the relevant aspects related to sediment and sediment management as they were pre- sented and discussed during the 6th International Conference on Water Resources and Environment Research in Koblenz, Germany in June 2013. The research findingsincludedintheindividualchaptersofthispublicationwillallowreadersto gain an overview of the relevant boundary conditions, drivers, processes and consequences of erosion, sediment transport and sedimentation at different scales. The inter-linkages of sediment dynamics and sediment quality with bio-geochem- istry,ecologyandhumanactivitiesandtheirconsequencesforaneffectivesediment management areshown exemplarily inthevariouschaptersofthis book andallow to put individual questions and issues into a broader sediment perspective. Our main acknowledgement goes to all authors of individual chapters. We also acknowledge the help of the reviewers, the lector and all who have provided the necessary support for this publication. We thank very much Mrs. B. Noll and Mrs.A.M.CondeCorralfortheirtirelesspatienceandtechnicalsupportduringthe writing and publishing of this book. Koblenz, 2015 Peter Heininger Johannes Cullmann v Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Johannes Cullmann and Peter Heininger Part I Sediment Transport Processes Sediment Transport in Headwater Streams of the Carpathian Flysch Belt: Its Nature and Recent Effects of Human Interventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Tomáš Galia, Jan Hradecký and Václav Škarpich Aspects of Sediment Transport in Single-Thread and Anabranching River Channels in Flysch Carpathians (A Case Study from the Czech Republic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Václav Škarpich, Tomáš Galia and Jan Hradecký Sediment Transport Processes Related to the Operation of a Rapid Hydraulic Structure (Boulder Ramp) in a Mountain Stream Channel: A Polish Carpathian Example. . . . . . 39 Karol Plesiński, Artur Radecki-Pawlik and Bartłomiej Wyżga Part II Modelling Sediment Transfer in Rivers Challenges in Modelling Sediment Matters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Hafzullah Aksoy Suspended Sediment Estimation Using an Artificial Intelligence Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Mustafa Demirci, Fatih Üneş and Sebahattin Saydemir vii viii Contents Projected Climate Change Impact on Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield in the River Elbe Catchment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Thorsten Pohlert Part III Sediment Quality Water Quality and Sediment Management in Brahmaputra Basin of India: Impact of Agricultural Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Uttam C. Sharma and Vikas Sharma Contamination of Sediments in the German North Sea Estuaries Elbe, Weser and Ems and Its Sensitivity to Climate Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Carmen Kleisinger, Holger Haase, Uwe Hentschke and Birgit Schubert Part IV Sediment Monitoring Application of a New Monitoring Strategy and Analysis Concept of Suspended Sediments in Austrian Rivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Petra Lalk, Marlene Haimann and Helmut Habersack Investigation of the Metal Contamination in the Upper Olifants Primary Catchment by Using Stream Sediment Geochemistry, Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Robert Netshitungulwana, Bisrat Yibas, Christoph Gauert, Danie Vermeulen, Obed Novhe and Tshepa Motlakeng Part V Sediment Managing in River Basins An Approach to Simulating Sediment Management in the Mekong River Basin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Thomas B. Wild and Daniel P. Loucks Sediment Management on River-Basinscale: The River Elbe . . . . . . . . 201 Peter Heininger, Ilka Keller, Ina Quick, René Schwartz and Stefan Vollmer Introduction Johannes Cullmann and Peter Heininger 1 Sediment as Part of the River Basin Natural river basins are continuously evolving and adapting. Erosion, sediment transport and sedimentation have been key factors for landscape development, the genesisanddegradationofsoils,waterquality,theevolutionofaquatichabitatsand theformationofriverdeltasforgeologicaleras.Bothsmallandsubstantialchanges insedimentdistribution,erosion,deposition,andtransportarenaturalandnecessary processesinaquaticecosystems.Themagnitudesofthesedimentloadstransported byrivershaveimportantimplicationsforthefunctioningofthesystem;forexample through their influence on material fluxes, geochemical cycling, water quality, channel morphology, delta development, and the aquatic ecosystems and habitats supported by the river. Erosionandsedimentationprocessesinteractwithhumanusagesofriversystem services. Often, as a consequence of river training, inputs of energy can act only verticallyinthedirectionoftheriverbedthusencouragingthedeptherosionofthe bed. Scouring increases where flow velocities are increased and is a frequent phenomenondownstreamofsedimentsinks.Localscourandsedimentationeffects may dramatically impact on dams and bridges, and balanced sediment conditions are of paramount importance for the stability, reliability and functioning of hydraulic infrastructure. This becomes evident when looking at reservoir sedi- mentation, the silting of irrigation infrastructure or riverbed erosion of engineered streams.Walling(2006)estimatesthetotallossofworldwidereservoirvolumedue to sedimentation at a rate of 0.5–1 % per annum. Sediment trapping in reservoirs J.Cullmann(&)(cid:1)P.Heininger FederalInstituteofHydrology,AmMainzerTor1,56068Koblenz,Germany e-mail:[email protected] P.Heininger e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 1 P.HeiningerandJ.Cullmann(eds.),SedimentMatters, DOI10.1007/978-3-319-14696-6_1 2 J.CullmannandP.Heininger and check dams can lead to extremely dangerous situations like the failure of the 10.5 Mm3 Balin Dam in Taiwan in 2007 (Kondolf et al. 2014). Engineered structures strongly affect the hydraulic conditions and the mor- phologyofriversandestuaries.Thesedimentbudgetofariveriscloselyconnected with its hydromorphology. Weakly developed hydromorphological features are indicators of a disturbed sediment budget. Vice versa, the hydromorphological characteristics of the river have influence on the sediment budget. The prevailing hydromorphologicalconditions,inturn,arecrucialforthediversityofhabitatsand biota (Bábek et al. 2008; Collins et al. 2011; Langhammer 2010). Floodplains and marshes have been dramatically reduced worldwide, mainly due to dyke con- struction. One of their widely acknowledged functions is the sequestration of sedimentandassociatedsubstances.Thisecosystemfunctionisseverelyreducedby the loss offloodplains (Ciszewski 2001; Walling et al. 1998, 2000). Sedimentiscloselylinkedtowaterqualityissues.Highsedimentconcentrationin water may call for a cost intensive purification process in order to guarantee the desiredhumanuse.Historicalcontaminationfromindustrialandminingactivitiesas wellaspresent-daypoint-andnon-pointemissionsmaybecomesourcesofsediment contaminationwhatinevitablyleadstoconflictswithhumanactivitiessuchasagri- cultureorfishingandcanposeageneralthreattoaquaticcommunities.Asalegacyof the past, sediment contamination in many aquatic systems—lakes, estuaries, and coastal oceans—represents a world-wide problem (Burton and Johnston 2010; ChapmanandWang2001;Dagninoetal.2013;FörstnerandSalomons2010;Heise 2009; Lair et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2000). Contaminated sediments from still-water zonescanbemobilizedduringfloodeventsandcontaminantreachesfardownstream from the actual source, ultimately impacting the marine environment (Bopp et al. 1998;Groussetetal.1999;Heiningeretal.1998;Schwienteketal.2013).Generally, thereisanincreasingrecognitionthatfinesedimentrepresentsanimportantdiffuse pollutantsourceinsurfacewaters,duetoitsroleingoverningthetransportofcon- taminants through fluvial systems and because of its impacts on aquatic ecology (Owens2005).Anunderstandingofthesources,behaviour,andstorageofsediment- associated contaminants in rivers istherefore needed, so that appropriate strategies maybeimplementedtoreduceandcontrolbothcontaminantinputsintoriversandthe detrimental effects associated with such contaminants within rivers and receiving systems.Suspendedsedimentshouldbeconsideredinthiscontextaswellasflood- plain deposits and channel bed sediment, when studying the temporal and spatial patternsofcontaminantbehaviourinriversystems(Grabowskietal.2012;Huetal. 2014;Owens2005;Salomons2008). 2 Some Facts About Sediment Dynamics Sediment influx into the oceans and related nutrient and pollutant fluxes are key parameters for global bio-geochemical processes. Generally, human activity can eitherenhanceordecreasesedimentdynamics.Innaturalsystems,sedimentbalance Introduction 3 isoscillatingaroundastableoptimum.Virtuallyallsuspendedsedimentissupplied to river systems either by terrestrial erosion or through the production of organic matter. It may be released, for example, as a consequence of heavy rainstorms, debris flow, collapse of local river banks and the continuous reshuffling of sedi- mentsinriverchannels.Sedimentsareaccumulatedwherevershearstressisbelow critical values and suspended sediments can be deposed with terminal velocity when conditions allow. Inriversystemswithanthropogenicimpactsedimentdynamicsareoftenaltered comparedtothenaturalstatus.Syvitskyetal.(2005)showedthatabout26%ofthe global sediment transit is trapped in reservoirs. The Yellow River in China is a typical example for decreasing sediment dynamics. Suspended sediment load delivered to the China Sea was recorded to be about 1.1 Gt per year in the 1950s. Thisamounthasdecreasedtoabout 0.4Gtperyearin1990(Walling2009).More recentdataindicatethattheloadmayevenbedownto0.15Gtperyear(Wangetal. 2007).Thisloadreductionisaccompaniedbyaproportionaldecreaseinriverflow mainlyduetotheabstractionofwaterforeconomicactivities.Themainreasonfor thedecreaseinsedimentloadisthetrappingofsedimentinreservoirs.Anexample for increasing sediment dynamics can be found in Walling (2005). The Rio Mag- dalena drains a 260,000 km2 river basin in the Andes. The sediment load to the Carribean has increased by 40 % from 1975 to 1995. This is attributed to the fact that forest clearance and intensification of agriculture enhance the degradation of soils.Inaddition,miningactivitiescontributeheretoanincreasedsedimentloadof the river. A further relevant impact on sediment balance may result where sand extractionisamajorsourceofincome.Wangetal.(2007)estimatethatasmuchas 110MtsandisextractedannuallyintheYangtze catchment.Thesediment loadof theYangtzeRiverhasdecreasedfromabout500Mtperyearinthe1960stoabout 200 Mt per year around the year 2000. Generalconclusionscanbedrawnfromthese scenarios.Thesedimenttransport intotheoceans isdecreasing onglobalscale.Intensificationofsilviculture,mining and agricultural activities without appropriate soil conservation management will inevitably lead to increased erosion and thus enhanced sediment supply to the rivers. The free sediment flow is increasingly disturbed in river basins, and the sediment storage in river system is increasing. Typically, hydraulic infrastructure like dams and weirs trap sediment and thus decrease the sediment load of rivers, even if erosion is accelerated at the same time. This phenomenon can be observed in many rivers throughout the world such as Danube, Mississippi, and Indus. 3 Sediment Management The above mentioned general facts and relations clearly show that sediment man- agement concepts are indispensable tools for provident and sustainable planning and operation of human activities in river basins today.
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