Security studies : an introduction

657 Pages·2013·3.808 MB·English

by  Williams, Paul D.

n
S S
ECURITY TUDIES
Security Studies is the most comprehensive textbook available on security studies.
Comprehensively revised for the new edition including new chapters on Polarity, Culture,
Intelligence, and the Academic and Policy Worlds, it continues to give students a detailed overview
of the major theoretical approaches, key themes and most significant issues within security studies.
n Part 1 explores the main theoretical approaches currently used within the field from realism to
international political sociology.
n Part 2 explains the central concepts underpinning contemporary debates from the security
dilemma to terrorism.
n Part 3 presents an overview of the institutional security architecture currently influencing world
politics using international, regional and global levels of analysis.
n Part 4 examines some of the key contemporary challenges to global security from the arms trade
to energy security.
n Part 5 discusses the future of security.
Security Studiesprovides a valuable teaching tool for undergraduates and MA students by collecting
these related strands of the field together into a single coherent textbook.
Paul D. Williamsis Associate Professor in the Elliott School of International Affairs at the George
Washington University, USA.

S S
ECURITY TUDIES
A I
N NTRODUCTION
2nd edition
n
Edited by
Paul D. Williams
First edition published 2008 by Routledge
Second edition published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business
© 2013 Paul D. Williams for editorial and selected matter;
contributors, their contributions
The right of Paul D Williams to be identified as Editor of this work
has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patent Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Security studies: an introduction/edited by Paul D. Williams. –2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Security, International. I. Williams, Paul, 1975–
JZ5588.S4297 2012
355′.033—dc23 2011041150
ISBN: 978–0-415–78280–7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978–0-415–78281–4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978–0-203–12257–0 (ebk)
Typeset in Adobe Garamond by
Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon
n
C
ONTENTS
List of boxes, figures and tables xi 4 GAME THEORY 48
About the contributors xiv Frank C. Zagare
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction
List of abbreviations xviii
Primitive concepts
Strategic-form games and Nash
1 SECURITY STUDIES: equilibria
AN INTRODUCTION 1 Extensive-form games, backwards
Paul D. Williams induction and subgame perfect
equilibria
What is security studies? A very
Applications of game theory in
short overview
Defining a field of inquiry: Four security studies
fundamental questions Coda
What is security?
Whose security?
What is a security issue? 5 CONSTRUCTIVISMS 63
How can security be achieved? Matt McDonald
How to use this book
Introduction: Constructivism and
security
Part 1 Theoretical Constructivism: Central tenets and
Approaches 13 shared assumptions
Security as social construction:
2 REALISMS 15
identity and norms
Colin Elman and Michael Jensen
Negotiation and contestation
Introduction Agents, structures and change
Classical realism The Copenhagen School and
Neorealism: Waltz’s Theory of securitization
International Politics Conclusion
Defensive structural realism
Offensive structural realism
Rise and fall realism 6 PEACE STUDIES 77
Neoclassical realism Peter Lawler
Realisms and the rise of China
Introduction: What is peace
Conclusion
studies?
Peace Studies: A brief history
3 LIBERALISMS 32 Peace research as science
Cornelia Navari
From peace research to peace
Introduction studies
Traditional or Kantian liberalism Key concepts
Douce commerce Positive and negative peace
The democratic peace thesis Structural violence
Neoliberal institutionalism Cultural violence
Conclusion The future of peace studies?
v
CONTENTS
7 CRITICAL THEORY 90 Three logics
Pinar Bilgin The security dilemma in the
twenty-first century
Introduction: the need for a
Towards a new agenda for security
critical perspective
studies
Rethinking security
Critical theory
Theory/practice 11 POLARITY 155
The ‘Aberystwyth School’ of Barry Buzan
critical security studies
Emancipation The debates about polarity
Conclusion Polarity during the Cold War
Polarity after the Cold War
The problem with polarity
8 FEMINISMS 107 The future of polarity
Sandra Whitworth Conclusion: The utility of polarity
Introduction
Feminist approaches in 12 CULTURE 170
international security Michael N. Barnett
Women, gender and security:
The impacts of armed conflict Introduction
Women, gender and security: States behaving badly
Action and activism Culture
Women, gender and security: Cultures in security
Talking and making weapons Strategic culture
and war Peacekeeping cultures
Conclusions Conclusion
9 INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL 13 WAR 187
Paul D. Williams
SOCIOLOGY 120
Didier Bigo Introduction
Three philosophies of war
Introduction
The functions of war
Interdisciplinarity, relations and
Trends in armed conflicts since
practices
1945
An international political sociology
Who fights? Who dies?
of security
Is the nature of warfare changing?
Episteme
The idea of total war
Methods
The ‘new wars’ debate
Major findings
The contemporary Western way
Conclusion
of war
Conclusion
Part 2 Key Concepts 135
10 UNCERTAINTY 137 14 COERCION 206
Ken Booth and Nicholas J. Wheeler Lawrence Freedman and
Srinath Raghavan
Introduction
The house of uncertainty Introduction
The quintessential dilemma Strategy
vi
CONTENTS
Deterrence and compellence 18 ETHNIC CONFLICT 264
Designing coercive strategies Stuart J. Kaufman
Punishment and denial
Introduction
Types of costs What is ethnic conflict?
Multiple audiences An overview of ethnic conflicts
Reputations Causes of violent ethnic conflict
Long-term impact Sudan
Conclusion Yugoslavia
International security dimensions
of ethnic conflicts
15 TERRORISM 221
Resolution of ethnic civil wars
Paul Rogers
Introduction
19 HUMAN SECURITY 279
Terrorism in perspective
Fen Osler Hampson
Definitions
Introduction
State and sub-state terror
Understanding the scope of human
Responding to terrorism
security
The 9/11 response and the war
Setting the boundaries of human
on terror
security
Trends in terrorism
Ongoing debates and unresolved
Conclusion
issues
Human security and ‘failed’ states
The dilemmas of humanitarian
16 INTELLIGENCE 235
intervention
Richard J. Aldrich
Human security risk assessment
Introduction Governance and human security
What is intelligence? Towards a theory of human
Warning, surprise and ‘failure’ security
Intelligence, uncertainty and Conclusion
stability
Covert action, disruption and
20 POVERTY 295
event-shaping
Caroline Thomas with
Intelligence cooperation
Paul D. Williams
Security and global surveillance
Introduction
Conclusion
Is poverty an appropriate concern
for security studies?
17 GENOCIDE AND CRIMES Whose poverty? Whose security?
AGAINST HUMANITY 250 What do we know about the
Adam Jones poverty-security nexus?
What do we know about the poverty-
Introduction
violent conflict nexus?
Genocide Effect of poverty on conflict
Challenges of intervention Effect of conflict on poverty
Understanding crimes against The diplomatic agenda on poverty and
humanity security
Conclusion Conclusion
vii
CONTENTS
21 CLIMATE CHANGE AND Contemporary challenges
ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY 311 Peace operations
Simon Dalby Terrorism and WMD
Assessing the growth of regional
Introduction: Security and
security institutions
environment
Conclusion
Armed conflict and environmental
change
Climate change and security 25 THE UNITED NATIONS 374
Scenarios of doom Thomas G. Weiss and Danielle
Security planning and risk analysis Zach
Climate wars?
Introduction
The Security Council
22 HEALTH 324 The General Assembly
Colin McInnes The Secretariat
Other UN organs and actors
Introduction
Twenty-first-century challenges
The emergence of health as a
Changes in the nature of war and
national security issue
UN responses
The spread of infectious disease
Terrorism
HIV/AIDS
Disarmament and non-proliferation
Bioterrorism
Conclusion
A not so perfect partnership?
Conclusion
26 PEACE OPERATIONS 393
Michael Pugh
Part 3 Institutions 337
Introduction
23 ALLIANCES 339 Language and meaning
John S. Duffield
Surge, retraction, resurgence
Reforms
Introduction: Why study alliances?
Brahimi’s report
Definitions: What is an alliance?
Guéhenno goals
Explanations of alliance persistence
Ban’s plans
and collapse
Standards and principles
The case of NATO after the
Hybrid operations
Cold War
Public security gaps
Conclusion: Alliance theory and
Conclusion: Future prospects
the future of NATO
24 REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS 355 27 THE NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT
Louise Fawcett AND NON-PROLIFERATION
REGIME 409
Introduction
Waheguru Pal Singh Sidhu
Definitions
The origins and development of Introduction
regional security institutions Three caveats
Regional security institutions in Non-proliferation regime
the Cold War Three challenges
Regional security institutions since Three approaches
the Cold War Way forward
viii
CONTENTS
28 PRIVATE SECURITY 425 The role of military force in
Deborah D. Avant counterinsurgency
Learning on the ground
Introduction
Counterinsurgency in the media age
Private security and the control
Similarities to post-conflict
of force
peacebuilding
A transnational market for military
Conclusion
and security services
The current market compared
Why the current market?
32 THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT 486
Conclusion
Alex J. Bellamy
Introduction
Part 4 Contemporary
Sovereignty and responsibility
Challenges 439
R2P and international politics
R2P in action
29 THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE 441
Kenya
William D. Hartung
Libya
Introduction Conclusion
Three channels for arms transfers
Arms sales take off: The 1970s and
1980s 33 TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED
Post-Cold War dynamics CRIME 503
Post-9/11 arms exports Phil Williams
The trade in small arms and light
Introduction
weapons
Organized crime as a security threat
Dangers of dual use: The A.Q. Khan
What is transnational organized
network
crime?
Prospects for restraint
Conclusion Globalization, governance and the
rise of organized crime
Transnational criminal
30 COUNTERTERRORISM 457 organizations
Paul R. Pillar Illicit markets
Responses to transnational crime
Introduction
Basic elements
Defence
34 POPULATION MOVEMENTS 520
Going on the offensive
Sita Bali
Law enforcement and military force
Issues and choices Introduction
Population movements as a security
issue
31 COUNTERINSURGENCY 471
Population movements categorized
Joanna Spear
Population movements and violent
Introduction: The current discourse conflict
on counterinsurgency Population movements and foreign
The state of the field policy
The problem that counterinsurgency Population movement and internal
responds to – insurgency security
‘Hearts and minds’ Conclusion
ix