Security Management for Sports and Special Events: An Interagency Approach to Creating Safe Facilities

284 Pages·2011·3.826 MB·English

by  Stacey Hall, Walter Cooper, Lou Marciani, Jim McGee

Acronyms
AAR/IP  After Action Report/Improvement Plan IOC  International Olympic Committee
ANFO  Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil IPO  International Permanent Observatory
ASIS  American Society Industrial Security ISAC  Information Sharing and Analysis Center
BCP  Business Continuity Plan JIC  Joint Information Center
CBRNE  Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and  JTTF  Joint Terrorism Task Force
Explosives LEA  Law Enforcement Agency
CCTV  Closed Circuit Television MSEL  Master Scenario Event List
CG  Command Group NACDA  National Association of Collegiate Directors of 
CIA  Central Intelligence Agency Athletics
DHS  Department of Homeland Security NCIS  National Criminal Intelligence Service
DIM  Developing, Implementing, Managing NCS4  National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and 
Security
DOD  Department of Defense
NIMS  National Incident Management System
EAP  Emergency Action Plan
NRC  Nuclear Regulatory Commission
EEG  Exercise Evaluation Guide
NRF  National Response Framework
EEI  Essential Elements of Information
NSAC  National Security Advice Center
EMS  Emergency Medical Services
NSTL  National Security Threat List
EOC  Emergency Operations Center
OSHA  Occupational Safety and Health Administration
EPT  Emergency Planning Team
PIO  Public Information Officer
ERP  Emergency Response Plan
PPS  Physical Protection Systems
FBI  Federal Bureau of Investigation
RAM  Risk Assessment Methodology
FE  Functional Exercise
RDD   Radiological Dispersion Devices
FEMA  Federal Emergency Management Agency
RSAT  Risk Self Assessment Tool
FSE  Full Scale Exercise
SAFETY Act  Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective 
HAZMAT  Hazardous Materials
Technologies Act
HITRAC  Homeland Infrastructure Threat Risk Analysis 
SESA  Sport Event Security Aware
Center
SITMAN  Situational Manual
HSAS  Homeland Security Advisory System
SLT  Situation Leadership Theory
HSEEP  Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation 
Program SME  Subject Matter Expert
HSIN  Homeland Security Information Network SOP  Standard Operating Procedures
HSPD  Homeland Security Presidential Directives TTX  Table Top Exercise
HVAC  Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning UC  Unified Command
IC  Incident Commander US&R  Urban Search & Rescue
ICP  Incident Command Post UEFA  Union of European Football Association
ICS  Incident Command System VBIED  Vehicle-Borne Improvised Explosive Device
IED  Improvised Explosive Device WMD  Weapons of Mass Destruction
Resources
Department of Homeland Security  www.dhs.gov
Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program www.hseep.dhs.gov
FEMA Preparedness, Training, and Exercises, Exercise FAQs www.fema.gov/pte/faq.htm
Federal Emergency Management Agency www.fema.gov
Introduction to Incident Command System http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/IS100a.asp
The National Incident Management System  www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/NIMS_core.pdf
The National Response Framework www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-core.pdf
Federal Bureau of Investigation www.fbi.gov
FEMA Emergency Management Institute http://training.fema.gov/
Mitigation Programs: www.fema.gov/media/fact_sheets/mitigation.shtm
Disaster Information for Citizens: http://fema.gov/assisntace/process/guide.shtm
National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and Security (NCS4) www.ncs4.com
TEXAS A&M TEEX CENTER http://teexweb.tamu.edu/
International Association of Assembly Managers www.iaam.org
National Collegiate Association for Athletics
Planning Options: www1.ncaa.org/membership/emergency_planning/security_options
Security Management
Sports
for
Special Events
and
An Interagency Approach to
Creating Safe Facilities
Stacey A. Hall, PhD
Walter E. Cooper, EdD
Lou Marciani, EdD
James A. McGee, MS
National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and Security
University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg
Human Kinetics
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Security management for sports and special events : an interagency approach to creating safe
facilities / Stacey A. Hall ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-7132-1 (hard cover)
ISBN-10: 0-7360-7132-6 (hard cover)
1. Sports facilities--United States--Management. 2. Sports facilities--Security measures--
United States. 3. Sports facilities--United States--Safety measures. 4. Sports administration--
United States. 5. Sports--United States--Management. I. Hall, Stacey A.
GV401.S44 2012
796.068--dc23
2011028525
ISBN-10: 0-7360-7132-6 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-7132-1 (print)
Copyright © 2012 by Stacey A. Hall, Walter E. Cooper, Lou Marciani, and James A. McGee
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information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher.
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Management for Sports and Special Events: pp. 41, 184-187, 189-191, 205-213, 217-220, 224-229, 238, and 249-261. The
reproduction of other parts of this book is expressly forbidden by the above copyright notice. Persons or agencies who have not
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Contents
Preface v
Acknowledgments vii
CHAPTER 1 SSaaffeettyy aanndd SSeeccuurriittyy EEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt
for Sports and Special Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Major Sport and Special Event Threats 3
Legal and Economic Implications 16
Sport Event Security Aware System: A Continuous
Improvement Model 17
Case Study: Centennial Olympic Park Bombing 19
CHAPTER 2 LLeeaaddeerrsshhiipp aanndd
Multiagency Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Sport and Event Security Command Group 24
Leadership 27
Problem Solving and Decision Making 31
Communication and Information Sharing 34
Case Study: Building Multiagency Collaboration 37
Personal Worksheet: Determining the Profi le of a High-Level
Trust Person in Your Work Environment 41
CHAPTER 3 IInncciiddeenntt MMaannaaggeemmeenntt SSyysstteemmss . . . . . . . . . . . 43
United States Department of Homeland Security 44
National Incident Management System Overview 45
National Response Framework (NRF) Overview 52
Responder Roles 53
International and National Safety and Security Agencies 56
Case Study: Georgia Dome 58
CHAPTER 4 RRiisskk AAsssseessssmmeenntt ffoorr SSppoorrtt
and Event Venues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Risk Assessment Process 63
U.S. Department of Homeland Security Risk Self-Assessment Tool 76
Case Study: Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, Louisiana 77
iii
iv Contents
CHAPTER 5 SSeeccuurriittyy PPllaannnniinngg,, PPoolliicciieess,,
and Protective Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Creating Plans for Risk Management 83
Venue Policies 88
Protective Measures 90
Game- and Event-Day Plans 91
Case Study: Hillsborough Disaster 98
CHAPTER 6 EEmmeerrggeennccyy RReessppoonnssee aanndd RReeccoovveerryy . . . . . . . 101
Components of Emergency Management 102
Emergency Management Examples 112
Business Continuity Planning 114
Case Study: Continuity at Tulane University After Hurricane Katrina 116
CHAPTER 7 TTrraaiinniinngg aanndd PPoolliiccyy IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn. . . . . . 119
Identifying Training Needs 121
Meeting Staffi ng Needs 123
Working With Volunteers 126
Training Techniques 127
Case Study: ABC Security Company 130
CHAPTER 8 EExxeerrcciisseess:: TTeessttiinngg YYoouurr PPllaannss . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Types of Exercises 135
Steps in Exercise Project Management 137
Case Study: 2004 Summer Olympic Games 150
CHAPTER 9 TThhee FFuuttuurree ooff SSaaffeettyy
and Security Management
for Sports and Special Events . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Training and Education 156
Balancing Security and the Spectator Experience 160
Integrating Technology With Best Practices 163
Case Study: Fan Behavior 167
Appendixes 171
References 262
Index 266
About the Authors 271
Preface
Sport and special events are an integral part of most cultures, and millions of spec-
tators attend such events annually. The provision of a safe, secure environment for
patrons is critical. Subsequently, individuals, agencies, and private contractors face
the significant challenge of providing a safe environment and enjoyable experience.
Over $2 billion is spent on sport security efforts each year, and during years of
international mega sporting events this figure rises to more than $6 billion. Although
substantial resources are expended on ensuring safe and secure events, the authors
note that little information is available pertaining specifically to sport and special
event security. The sport industry has embraced best practices and technological
tools to aid their efforts, but we recognize that professionals in the field and current
students lack access to new knowledge in this relatively new field of sport and special
event safety and security. We want to provide a basic overview of key topics related
to multiagency collaboration, risk management, training, planning, exercising, and
emergency management.
To familiarize readers with current safety concerns, chapter 1 provides an over-
view of the sport and special event industry. Practical examples of sporting disasters
from various countries are included. Threats and risks to sport and special events
are presented, ranging from extreme terrorists attacks to less extreme cases such as
vandalism and theft.
Many stakeholders are involved in the safety and security planning of major
events, including but not limited to the following: facility or event management,
law enforcement, emergency management, fire and HAZMAT, emergency medical
services, local and state agencies, local community entities, public health, and public
relations. Coordination between all these entities is essential for effective planning
and response to safety and security threats. Chapter 2 focuses on multiagency col-
laboration and addresses the training and leadership of stakeholders in a multi-
agency working environment. Chapter 3 explores incident management strategies
in the context of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the roles of various
jurisdictions and agencies in responding to terror attacks, natural disasters, riots,
and other dangerous incidents.
Venue and event managers must act in a prudent manner by identifying risks
and instituting plans, policies, procedures, and protective measures to combat all-
hazard potential incidents that can be harmful to assets—human, physical, and
financial. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 walk the reader through the processes of risk assess-
ment, security planning and policy design, and emergency response and emergency
planning. Along the way, the text offers a range of practical application tools, forms,
and reference materials. After security plans and procedures are in place, training
and exercises are essential for them to work effectively. Chapters 7 and 8 provide
detailed information on training needs for security staff. The text explains how both
discussion-based exercises and operations-based exercises are used to test plans.
Finally, chapter 9 explores the future of sport and special event security and refers
the reader to additional resources.
In each chapter, a case study presents a real-world scenario relevant to the topics
discussed in the chapter and points out lessons learned and issues for further reflec-
tion and discussion. Sidebars throughout the text highlight important current issues
in sport and event security management and provide examples. At the back of the
book, organized by chapter, you will find numerous appendixes that provide addi-
tional examples, as well as forms and templates to aid in developing security plans.
v
vi Preface
Readers will notice that much of this book is based on United States guidelines,
directives, and entities. This bias reflects the fact that much of our research has
been based in the United States, in the context of the U.S. government’s emphasis
on increased security over the past decade. But the security threats discussed and
the importance of assessing risk, creating security and emergency response plans,
and training and exercising plans will be the same wherever spectator sport is
popular or wherever people gather for large events. If you are working in sport or
event security outside the United States, you will need to be familiar with local laws,
incident response guidelines, and jurisdictions to have a context in which to apply
the principles in this book. To serve as a starting point, in chapter 3 we’ve provided
a section that provides an overview of common types of national agencies involved
in major event security and information on a few international security organiza-
tions. A variety of examples interspersed throughout the rest of the book reflect the
importance of sport and special event security throughout the world.
Although this book draws on many examples related to sporting events, the same
principles are applicable to all types of venues and events. In addition, managers
for venues that host concerts, rallies, and other types of events will find examples
throughout the text to illustrate the applicability of the concepts to a variety of non-
sport events and nontraditional sport events.
For the first time, a book dedicated solely to explaining the
safety and security system for sport and special events is avail-
able. This text aims to communicate all aspects of planning,
managing, and implementing safety and security for sport and
special events. The book provides an overview of the major
steps involved in the process including assessing risks, training
staff, and conducting exercises to test plans and procedures.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my colleagues, Walter E. Cooper, James A. McGee, and Lou
Marciani at the University of Southern Mississippi for their support and contribu-
tions in making this book a reality. Walter provided much needed mentorship; Jim’s
extensive experience proved valuable for real-world applications within the text; and
Lou provided insight on innovative sport security technology solutions.
I must also acknowledge our hard-working staff at the National Center for Specta-
tor Sports Safety and Security: Lauren Cranford, Nick Nabors, Luca Giardino, Rickey
Bradley, Hobbie Reagan, Young Lee, and Steve Miller. They continuously strive to do
the best job possible. I thank them for their dedication to the Center.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my family in Northern Ireland for their
unconditional love and support in all my personal and professional endeavors.
Stacey A. Hall, PhD, MBA
vii