section 7. piling and drilled shafts construction

557 Pages·2011·4.51 MB·English

MOMRA Bridges Construction Specifications
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... I
SECTION 1. ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITION OF TERMS ............... 1
1.1. GENERAL ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... 1
1.3. TERMS .................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.1. Acceptance Plan ................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.2. Acceptable Quality Level AQL ........................................................................................ 2
1.3.3. Acceptance Program ......................................................................................................... 2
1.3.4. Additive ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.5. Addendum ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.6. Advertisement for Bids or Notice to Contractors ............................................................. 2
1.3.7. Article ............................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.8. Award ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.9. Backfill .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.10. Back Slope ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.11. Bid ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.12. Bidder .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.13. Binder Layer ................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.14. Bill of Quantities ............................................................................................................. 3
1.3.15. Bridge .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.16. Bridge Length ................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.17. Bridge Roadway Width ................................................................................................... 3
1.3.18. Boulder ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.3.19. Calendar Day .................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.20. Calibrate .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.21. Camber ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.3.22. Centerline ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.3.23. Certificate of Guarantee .................................................................................................. 4
1.3.24. Compaction ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.25. Construction Joint ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3.26. Consecutive Days ............................................................................................................ 4
1.3.27. Contract and Contract Documents .................................................................................. 4
1.3.28. Contract Bid Price ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3.29. Contract Bonds ................................................................................................................ 4
1.3.30. Contract Item ( Item of Work) ....................................................................................... 4
1.3.31. Contract Time ................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.32. Contractor ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.33. Contract Payment Bond .................................................................................................. 5
1.3.34. Contract Performance Bond ............................................................................................ 5
1.3.35. Contract Sum or Contract Amount ................................................................................. 5
1.3.36. Country ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.37. Culvert............................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.38. Date ................................................................................................................................. 5
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Bridges Construction Specifications MOMRA

1.3.39. Deck ............................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.40. Density ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.41. Design Mix ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.42. Design Load ................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.43. Detour ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.44. Directive ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.45. Dowel ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.46. Drawings ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.3.47. Elevation ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.48. Engineer ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.49. Equipment ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.50. Existing ........................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.51. Expansion Joint .............................................................................................................. 6
1.3.52. Extra Work ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.53. Extra Work Order ........................................................................................................... 6
1.3.54. Faulting ........................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.55. Force Account Work ...................................................................................................... 7
1.3.56. General Specifications .................................................................................................... 7
1.3.57. Grout............................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.58. Guarantor ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.3.59. Holiday ........................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.60. Headwall ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.61. Inspector ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.62. Item of Work .................................................................................................................. 7
1.3.63. Job-Mix job-mix formula, design-mix ......................................................................... 7
1.3.64. Joint ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.3.65. Kingdom ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.66. Laboratory ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.67. Legal Holidays ............................................................................................................... 7
1.3.68. Leveling Course ............................................................................................................. 8
1.3.69. Load Transfer Device ..................................................................................................... 8
1.3.70. Longitudinal Joint .......................................................................................................... 8
1.3.71. Lot .................................................................................................................................. 8
1.3.72. Major Item ...................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.73. Materials ......................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.74. Ministry .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.3.75. Municipality Amanah ................................................................................................... 8
1.3.76. Municipality of province Baladiah ............................................................................... 8
1.3.77. Minor Concrete .............................................................................................................. 8
1.3.78. Moisture Content ............................................................................................................ 8
1.3.79. Original Ground ............................................................................................................. 8
1.3.80. Performance Guarantee .................................................................................................. 8
1.3.81. Period of Maintenance.................................................................................................... 9
1.3.82. Plans ............................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.83. Price Breakdown ............................................................................................................ 9
1.3.84. Preconstruction Conference ........................................................................................... 9
1.3.85. Program of Work ............................................................................................................ 9
1.3.86. Process-Verbal ............................................................................................................... 9
1.3.87. Professional Engineer ..................................................................................................... 9
1.3.88. Provisional Handover ..................................................................................................... 9
1.3.89. Proposal .......................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.90. Proposal Form ................................................................................................................ 9
1.3.91. Quality Assurance ........................................................................................................ 10
1.3.92. Quality Assurance Procedures ...................................................................................... 10
1.3.93. Quality Control ............................................................................................................. 10
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1.3.94. Quality Index ................................................................................................................ 10
1.3.95. Questionnaire ................................................................................................................ 10
1.3.96. Random ......................................................................................................................... 10
1.3.97. Rural council ................................................................................................................. 10
1.3.98. Rejectable Quality Level RQL .................................................................................... 10
1.3.99. Reinforcement ............................................................................................................... 10
1.3.100. Reprocessing ............................................................................................................... 10
1.3.101. Resurfacing ................................................................................................................. 10
1.3.102. Right-of-Way .............................................................................................................. 11
1.3.103. Riprap .......................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.104. Shop Drawings ............................................................................................................ 11
1.3.105. Sidewalk ...................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.106. Site .............................................................................................................................. 11
1.3.107. Site Engineer ............................................................................................................... 11
1.3.108. Skew Angle ................................................................................................................. 11
1.3.109. Specifications .............................................................................................................. 11
1.3.110. Special Specifications ................................................................................................. 11
1.3.111. Specified Completion Date ......................................................................................... 11
1.3.112. Standard Drawings ...................................................................................................... 11
1.3.113. Standard Specifications ............................................................................................... 11
1.3.114. Subcontractor .............................................................................................................. 11
1.3.115. Substructure ................................................................................................................ 12
1.3.116. Superintendent ............................................................................................................ 12
1.3.117. Superstructure ............................................................................................................. 12
1.3.118. Superelevation ............................................................................................................. 12
1.3.119. Supplemental Agreement ............................................................................................ 12
1.3.120. Supplemental Specification ......................................................................................... 12
1.3.121. Surety .......................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.122. Temporary Structure ................................................................................................... 12
1.3.123. Tender ......................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.124. Tender Documents ...................................................................................................... 12
1.3.125. Tender Guarantee ........................................................................................................ 12
1.3.126. Tenderer ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.3.127. Traffic Lane ................................................................................................................ 13
1.3.128. Visual Inspection ........................................................................................................ 13
1.3.129. Water-Cement Ratio ................................................................................................... 13
1.3.130. Weephole .................................................................................................................... 13
1.3.131. Work The Work ........................................................................................................ 13
1.3.132. Working Day ............................................................................................................... 13
1.3.133. Working Drawings ...................................................................................................... 13
1.4. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 14
SECTION 2. INSTRUCTIONS TO BIDDERS ............................................... 15
2.1. PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS ................................................... 15
2.1.1. Notice to Contractors Advertisement ............................................................................ 15
2.1.2. Language of bid .............................................................................................................. 15
2.1.3. Competition documents .................................................................................................. 15
2.1.3.1. Competition documents include................................................................................ 15
2.2. CONTRACT RATES ......................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1. PRELIMINARY GUARANTEE .................................................................................... 16
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2.2.2. Final Guarantee .............................................................................................................. 16
2.3. INTERPRETATION OF QUANTITIES IN BID SCHEDULE ..................................... 17
2.4. EXAMINATION OF PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS, SPECIAL PROVISIONS,
AND SITE OF WORK ....................................................................................................... 17
2.5. PREPARATION OF PROPOSAL ................................................................................... 17
2.5.1. Proposal Form ................................................................................................................ 17
2.5.2. Signing ........................................................................................................................... 17
2.6. WITHDRAWAL OR REVISION OF PROPOSALS ..................................................... 18
2.7. PUBLIC OPENING OF PROPOSALS ............................................................................ 18
2.8. MATERIAL GUARANTEE.............................................................................................. 18
2.9. BID SUBMISSION MANNER:......................................................................................... 18
2.10. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 20
SECTION 3. GENERAL RULES ..................................................................... 21
3.1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 21
3.2. WORK SCOPE AND DOCUMENTS .............................................................................. 21
3.2.1. Contract Purpose ............................................................................................................ 21
3.2.2. Contract Documents ....................................................................................................... 21
3.2.3. Contract Language ......................................................................................................... 22
3.2.4. Additional Drawings ...................................................................................................... 22
3.2.5. Special Work .................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.6. Non-Estimated Items ...................................................................................................... 23
3.2.7. Addition, Omission, and Modification in Work Items ................................................... 23
3.2.8. Introduction of New Items to the Project ....................................................................... 23
3.2.9. Modification Claims and Disputes ................................................................................. 24
3.2.10. Removal and Disposal of Structures and Obstructions ................................................ 24
3.2.11. Power & Water Supply ................................................................................................. 24
3.2.12. Coordination between Works ....................................................................................... 24
3.2.13. Site Evacuation and Cleaning After Work Completion ............................................... 24
3.2.14. Construction & Execution Record Books .................................................................... 25
3.2.15. Workshop Drawings ..................................................................................................... 25
3.3. LEGAL RELATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS THE PUBLIC ............ 25
3.3.1. Law Abidance ................................................................................................................ 25
3.3.2. Authorizations, Licenses, and Charges .......................................................................... 25
3.3.3. Patent Right and Ownership ........................................................................................... 25
3.3.4. Relations between Contractor and His Employees and Employees of His
Subcontractor .................................................................................................................. 26
3.3.5. Insurance ........................................................................................................................ 26
3.3.6. Monuments and Fossils etc ............................................................................................ 26
3.3.7. Alcoholic Drinks, Drugs, Weapons, Ammunition, and Keeping Order ......................... 26
3.3.8. Property Preservation ..................................................................................................... 26
3.3.9. Contractor's Responsibility for Work ............................................................................. 27
3.3.10. Personal Responsibility of Government Officials ........................................................ 27
3.3.11. Preservation of Environment ........................................................................................ 27
3.3.12. Dangerous Wastes ........................................................................................................ 27
3.3.13. Using Explosives .......................................................................................................... 28
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3.3.14. Losses on Persons and Properties ................................................................................. 28
3.3.15. Traffic Control at Work Site ......................................................................................... 28
3.3.16. Safety Precautions at Project Site ................................................................................. 29
3.3.17. Guiding and Lighting .................................................................................................... 29
3.4. SUPERVISION ON THE WORKS ................................................................................... 29
3.4.1. Supervision Staff ............................................................................................................. 29
3.4.2. Supervision Staff Duties ................................................................................................. 29
3.4.3. Supervision Staff Authorities .......................................................................................... 30
3.4.4. Supervision Staff Facilities ............................................................................................. 30
3.4.5. Laboratory, Measuring and Testing Systems and Equipments ....................................... 30
3.4.5.1. Measuring Equipments ............................................................................................. 30
3.4.5.2. Sampling, Samples Storing and Testing Systems and Equipments .......................... 31
3.4.6. Client Commitments ....................................................................................................... 31
3.5. EXECUTION CONDITIONS AND WORK PROGRESS: ............................................ 31
3.5.1. Work Site Inspection ....................................................................................................... 31
3.5.2. Work Site Handing in ..................................................................................................... 31
3.5.3. Contractor Commitments ................................................................................................ 32
3.5.4. Work Site Planning ......................................................................................................... 32
3.5.5. Compliance With drawings and Specifications .............................................................. 32
3.5.6. Coordination with Public Utilities & Structures Authorities .......................................... 32
3.5.7. Signs ................................................................................................................................ 32
3.5.8. Contractor's Technical Staff ............................................................................................ 33
3.5.9. Penalty for Absence of Contractor Technical Staff ........................................................ 33
3.5.10. Work Program and Time Schedule ............................................................................... 33
3.5.11. Construction Equipments .............................................................................................. 33
3.5.12. Pre-Construction Meeting ............................................................................................. 34
3.5.13. Subcontracts .................................................................................................................. 34
3.5.14. Night Work ................................................................................................................... 34
3.5.15. Unusual Traffic ............................................................................................................. 34
3.5.16. Temporary Work Halting .............................................................................................. 35
3.5.17. Defects and Failure ....................................................................................................... 35
3.5.18. Work Withdrawal .......................................................................................................... 35
3.5.19. Assigning Withdrawn Works to another Contractor ..................................................... 36
3.5.20. Contract Period ............................................................................................................. 36
3.5.21. Delay Penalty ................................................................................................................ 36
3.5.22. As-Built Drawings: ....................................................................................................... 37
3.5.23. Ending Contractor's Responsibility: .............................................................................. 37
3.6. CONTROL AND ACCEPTANCE OF MATERIALS AND WORKS ........................... 37
3.6.1. Materials and Works Control Procedures ....................................................................... 37
3.6.2. Material Sources ............................................................................................................. 38
3.6.3. Material Transportation and Storing ............................................................................... 39
3.6.4. Work Inspection before Covering ................................................................................... 39
3.7. MEASURMENT AND PAYMENT ................................................................................... 40
3.7.1. Work Measuring ............................................................................................................. 40
3.7.2. Payment Scope ................................................................................................................ 40
3.7.3. Compensation for Modified Quantities ........................................................................... 40
3.7.4. Additional Work and Work According to Calculating Manpower ................................. 40
3.7.5. Unauthorized Work ......................................................................................................... 41
3.7.6. Lump Sum ....................................................................................................................... 41
3.7.7. Fixtures and Accessories ................................................................................................. 41
3.7.8. Payments ......................................................................................................................... 41
3.7.8.1. Current Payment ....................................................................................................... 41
3.7.8.2. Final Payment ........................................................................................................... 41
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3.8. WORK HANDING OVER ................................................................................................ 42
3.8.1. Preliminary Handing Over ............................................................................................. 42
3.8.2. Final Handing Over ........................................................................................................ 43
3.9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 44
SECTION 4. STRUCTURAL EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL ................ 45
4.1. DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................. 45
4.1.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 45
4.1.2. Classification .................................................................................................................. 45
4.1.2.1. Unclassified Excavation ........................................................................................... 45
4.1.2.2. Unclassified Structural Excavation .......................................................................... 46
4.1.2.3. Common Substructural Excavation .......................................................................... 46
4.1.2.4. Substructural Rock Excavation ................................................................................ 46
4.1.2.5. Unclassified Backfill, Select Backfill, and Granular Backfill .................................. 46
4.1.2.6. Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) Backfill ............................................... 46
4.2. WORKING DRAWINGS .................................................................................................. 46
4.3. EXCAVATION ................................................................................................................... 47
4.3.1. Inspection ....................................................................................................................... 47
4.3.1.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 47
4.3.1.2. Approval ................................................................................................................... 47
4.3.1.3. Change in Foundation Elevations............................................................................. 47
4.3.1.4. Drilling or Probing ................................................................................................... 47
4.3.2. Depth and Size of Excavation ........................................................................................ 48
4.3.3. Foundation Preparation and Control of Water ............................................................... 48
4.3.3.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 48
4.3.3.2. Excavation within Channels ..................................................................................... 48
4.3.4. Foundations on Rock ...................................................................................................... 49
4.3.5. Foundations not on Rock ................................................................................................ 49
4.3.6. Pile Excavation ............................................................................................................... 50
4.3.7. Tunnel Excavation .......................................................................................................... 50
4.3.8. Approval ......................................................................................................................... 50
4.3.9. Permits and Licenses ...................................................................................................... 50
4.4. BACKFILLING .................................................................................................................. 51
4.4.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 51
4.4.2. Materials ......................................................................................................................... 52
4.4.2.1. Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) ............................................................. 52
1. General ................................................................................................................. 52
2. Mix Design .......................................................................................................... 52
3. Sampling and Testing .......................................................................................... 53
a. Flow Test ........................................................................................................ 53
b. Unit weight ..................................................................................................... 53
c. Strength Test ................................................................................................... 53
4.4.3. Foundation Preparation .................................................................................................. 53
4.4.4. Preservation of Stream Banks and Channel ................................................................... 53
4.4.5. Disposal of Surplus and Unsuitable Material ................................................................. 54
4.5. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ............................................................................... 54
4.5.1. Measurement .................................................................................................................. 54
4.5.1.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 54
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4.5.1.2. Excavation for Substructures Supported by Piles ..................................................... 54
4.5.1.3. Excavation for Substructures Supported on Natural Foundation Materials .............. 54
4.5.1.4. Excavation for Box and Pipe Culverts ...................................................................... 55
1. Box Culverts ......................................................................................................... 55
2. Pipe Culverts ........................................................................................................ 55
4.5.1.5. Excavation for Tunnels ............................................................................................. 55
4.5.1.6. Excavation for Bracing ............................................................................................. 55
4.5.1.7. Backfilling ................................................................................................................ 55
4.5.1.8. Special Conditions .................................................................................................... 55
4.5.2. Payment........................................................................................................................... 55
4.6. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 58
SECTION 5. REMOVAL OF EXISTING STRUCTURES ........................... 59
5.1. DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................... 59
5.2. WORKING DRAWINGS ................................................................................................... 59
5.3. CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................................. 59
5.3.1. General ............................................................................................................................ 59
5.3.2. Partial Removal of Structures ......................................................................................... 60
5.3.3. Demolition ...................................................................................................................... 60
5.3.4. Removal of Bridges, Culverts and other Existing Structures ......................................... 60
5.3.5. Removal of Sewer Pipe ................................................................................................... 61
5.3.6. Removal of Pavement, Sidewalks, Curbs, Etc ................................................................ 61
5.3.7. Salvage ............................................................................................................................ 61
5.3.8. Abandoned Structures ..................................................................................................... 62
5.3.9. Disposal of Abandoned Materials ................................................................................... 62
5.4. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ................................................................................ 62
5.5. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 64
SECTION 6. TEMPORARY STRUCTURES ................................................. 65
6.1. GENERAL ........................................................................................................................... 65
6.1.1. Description ...................................................................................................................... 65
6.1.2. Working Drawings .......................................................................................................... 65
6.1.2.1. General ...................................................................................................................... 65
6.1.2.2. Submission Sets ........................................................................................................ 65
6.1.2.3. Design Details ........................................................................................................... 65
6.1.2.4. Foundation Loads...................................................................................................... 66
6.1.2.5. Materials Specifications ............................................................................................ 66
6.1.2.6. Concrete Placement .................................................................................................. 66
6.1.2.7. Settlements ................................................................................................................ 66
6.1.2.8. Traffic ....................................................................................................................... 66
6.1.3. Requirements .................................................................................................................. 66
6.2. FORMS AND FALSEWORK ............................................................................................ 67
6.2.1. Falsework Materials ........................................................................................................ 67
6.2.1.1. General ...................................................................................................................... 67
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6.2.1.2. Salvaged Steel .......................................................................................................... 67
6.2.1.3. Timber ...................................................................................................................... 67
6.2.1.4. Used lumber ............................................................................................................. 67
6.2.1.5. Manufactured components ....................................................................................... 67
6.2.2. Forms Materials .............................................................................................................. 68
6.2.2.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 68
6.2.2.2. Sheathing .................................................................................................................. 68
6.2.2.3. Structural Support .................................................................................................... 68
6.2.2.4. Prefabricated Formwork ........................................................................................... 68
6.2.2.5. Stay-in-Place Steel Deck Forms ............................................................................... 68
6.2.2.6. Stay-in-Place Prestressed Concrete Deck Forms ..................................................... 69
6.2.3. Falsework Design and Construction ............................................................................... 69
6.2.3.1. Design Loads ............................................................................................................ 69
1. Vertical loads: ...................................................................................................... 69
2. Horizontal loads ................................................................................................... 69
a. Wind Load ...................................................................................................... 69
b. Stream flow ..................................................................................................... 70
c. Lateral fluid pressure ...................................................................................... 70
d. Minimum Horizontal Load ............................................................................. 71
3. Load Combinations .............................................................................................. 71
4. Slenderness .......................................................................................................... 71
6.2.3.2. Allowable Design Stresses ....................................................................................... 71
1. Timber .................................................................................................................. 72
2. Steel ..................................................................................................................... 72
3. Other requirements .............................................................................................. 73
4. Manufactured Assemblies .................................................................................... 73
6.2.3.3. Foundation ................................................................................................................ 73
6.2.3.4. Deflection ................................................................................................................. 74
6.2.3.5. Clearance .................................................................................................................. 74
6.2.3.6. Construction ............................................................................................................. 74
1. Falsework Over or Adjacent to Roadways and Railroads ................................... 75
2. Falsework for Steel Structures ............................................................................. 76
6.2.4. Formwork Design and Construction .............................................................................. 76
6.2.4.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 76
6.2.4.2. Design ...................................................................................................................... 77
6.2.4.3. Construction ............................................................................................................. 77
6.2.4.4. Tube Forms .............................................................................................................. 77
6.2.4.5. Stay-in-Place Forms ................................................................................................. 78
6.2.5. Removal of Falsework and Forms .................................................................................. 78
6.2.5.1. General ..................................................................................................................... 78
6.2.5.2. Time of Removal ...................................................................................................... 79
6.2.5.3. Extent of Removal .................................................................................................... 79
6.3. COFFERDAMS AND SHORING .................................................................................... 80
6.3.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 80
6.3.2. Protection of Concrete .................................................................................................... 80
6.3.3. Removal ......................................................................................................................... 81
6.4. TEMPORARY WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS ........................................................... 81
6.4.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 81
6.4.2. Working drawings .......................................................................................................... 81
6.4.3. Operation ........................................................................................................................ 81
6.5. TEMPORARY BRIDGES ................................................................................................. 81
6.5.1. General ........................................................................................................................... 81
6.5.2. Detour Bridges ............................................................................................................... 81
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6.5.3. Haul Bridges ................................................................................................................... 82
6.5.4. Maintenance .................................................................................................................... 82
6.6. MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ................................................................................ 82
6.7. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 84
SECTION 7. PILING AND DRILLED SHAFTS CONSTRUCTION ......... 85
7.1. DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................... 85
7.2. SUBMITTALS .................................................................................................................... 85
7.2.1. Contractor Qualifications and Equipment Adequacy ..................................................... 85
7.2.2. Working Drawings .......................................................................................................... 86
7.3. MATERIALS ...................................................................................................................... 87
7.3.1. Driven Piles ..................................................................................................................... 87
7.3.1.1. ‎ Forms ...................................................................................................................... 87
7.3.1.2. ‎Casting ..................................................................................................................... 87
7.3.1.3. Finish ........................................................................................................................ 87
7.3.1.4. ‎Curing and Protection ............................................................................................... 87
7.3.1.5. ‎Prestressing ............................................................................................................... 87
7.3.1.6. ‎‎Storage and Handling ................................................................................................ 87
7.3.2. Drilled Shafts .................................................................................................................. 88
7.3.2.1. Concrete .................................................................................................................... 88
7.3.2.2. Reinforcing Steel ...................................................................................................... 88
7.3.2.3. Casings ...................................................................................................................... 88
7.3.2.4. Slurry ........................................................................................................................ 88
7.4. DRIVEN PILES CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................. 90
7.4.1. Preparation for Driving ................................................................................................... 90
7.4.1.1. ‎Site Work .................................................................................................................. 90
1. ‎Excavation ............................................................................................................ 90
2. ‎Pre-drilling to Facilitate Driving .......................................................................... 90
3. Additional Requirements for Predrilled Holes in Embankments ......................... 90
7.4.1.2. Preparation of Piling ................................................................................................. 90
1. Pile Heads ............................................................................................................. 90
2. Pile Shoes and End Plates ..................................................................................... 90
7.4.2. Pile Driving Equipment .................................................................................................. 91
7.4.2.1. Hammers ................................................................................................................... 92
1. ‎General ................................................................................................................. 92
2. ‎Drop Hammers ..................................................................................................... 92
3. ‎ Air Hammers ....................................................................................................... 92
4. ‎Diesel Hammers ................................................................................................... 92
5. ‎Hydraulic Hammers .............................................................................................. 93
6. ‎Vibratory Hammers .............................................................................................. 93
7. ‎Additional Equipment or Methods ....................................................................... 93
7.4.2.2. ‎Driving Appurtenances ............................................................................................. 93
1. ‎Hammer Cushion .................................................................................................. 93
2. ‎Helmet .................................................................................................................. 93
3. ‎Pile Cushion .......................................................................................................... 94
4. Leads .................................................................................................................... 94
5. ‎ Followers ............................................................................................................. 94
6. ‎Jetting ................................................................................................................... 94
ix
Bridges Construction Specifications MOMRA

7.4.3. Driving ........................................................................................................................... 95
7.4.3.1. Heaved Piles ............................................................................................................. 95
7.4.3.2. ‎Obstructions ............................................................................................................. 96
7.4.3.3. ‎Installation Sequence ................................................................................................ 96
7.4.3.4. Limiting Driving Stresses ......................................................................................... 96
7.4.3.5. ‎Driving of Probe Piles .............................................................................................. 96
7.4.3.6. ‎Accuracy of Driving ................................................................................................. 96
7.4.4. ‎Determination of Nominal Resistance ........................................................................... 97
7.4.4.1. ‎General ..................................................................................................................... 97
7.4.4.2. ‎Static Load Tests ...................................................................................................... 97
7.4.4.3. ‎Dynamic Testing ...................................................................................................... 97
7.4.4.4. Wave Equation Analysis .......................................................................................... 98
7.4.4.5. Dynamic Formula ..................................................................................................... 98
7.4.5. Splicing of Piles ............................................................................................................. 98
7.4.5.1. Concrete Piles ........................................................................................................... 99
7.4.6. Defective Piles ................................................................................................................ 99
7.4.7. Pile Cut-Off .................................................................................................................... 99
7.5. DRILLED SHAFTS CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................... 99
7.5.1. Protection of Existing Structures .................................................................................... 99
7.5.2. Construction Sequence ................................................................................................... 99
7.5.3. Construction Methods .................................................................................................. 100
7.5.3.1. Trial Drilled Shafts ................................................................................................. 100
1. General ............................................................................................................... 100
2. Location and Depth ............................................................................................ 100
3. Failure to Demonstrate Ability .......................................................................... 100
4. Trial Shaft Approval .......................................................................................... 100
5. Site Restoration .................................................................................................. 100
7.5.3.2. Drilled Shafts.......................................................................................................... 101
1. Hole Excavation (1) ........................................................................................... 101
a. General .......................................................................................................... 101
b. Dry Method ................................................................................................... 101
c. Wet Method .................................................................................................. 101
d. Casing Methods ............................................................................................ 102
d1. Temporary Casing Construction Method .......................................................... 102
d2. Permanent Casing Construction Method ........................................................... 102
d3. Double Casing Method ...................................................................................... 103
d4. Obstructions ....................................................................................................... 103
2. Excavation Inspection ........................................................................................ 103
a. Inspection Equipment ................................................................................... 103
b. Removal of Excess Sediment and Water ...................................................... 103
c. Television Camera Inspection ....................................................................... 104
c1. Equipment .......................................................................................................... 104
c2. Drawings ............................................................................................................ 104
c3. Shaft Inspection ................................................................................................. 104
3. Exterior Casing .................................................................................................. 104
4. Reinforcing Steel Cage Construction and Placement ........................................ 105
a. General .......................................................................................................... 105
b. Access Tubes for Crosshole Sonic Logging (CSL) ...................................... 106
7.5.3.3. Concrete Placement, Curing and Protection ........................................................... 107
1. Tremies .............................................................................................................. 108
2. Concrete Pumps ................................................................................................. 108
7.5.3.4. Concrete Sampling ................................................................................................. 108
7.5.3.5. Consistency ............................................................................................................ 108
7.5.3.6. Defective Shafts ..................................................................................................... 109
7.5.4. Alternative Construction Methods ............................................................................... 109
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