Seapower : a guide for the twenty-first century

445 Pages·2004·21.91 MB·English

by  Geoffrey Till

SEAPOWER
A Guide
for the
Twenty-first Century
GEOFF'REYT ILL
L'K .lfoittt Scrtircs Commundu nd Stu.ll'Crtllegt
FRANK CASS
I,ONI)ON . PORI'I,ANt). OR
Itirstp uhlishetiln 2001 in ()rett IJrirtin lt)'
FRANK CASS PUBI,ISIIIIRS
(.ror,n llouse, -17( .haseS ide, Southgltc
l-ondon Nl+ 5BP
tntl in tht (inittd.\tutts ttf lnt'rtttrl '.1'
IiR.\\K O\SS PUBI,ISII I:RS
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Portland,O rcgon,9 7213-371t6
tr|ih' sit c : u u's.franlcass.cttm
(.opvright al 2(X)1G . f ill
British Librarl (,ataloguingin PublicationlJ atr
'I'ill,
(ieoflicr
Se:rpttscra: guide firr thc tuentr'-flrstc cnturr ((,rrsss crics.
\aval policl anclh istori', 2.3)
l. Sea-pou'c2r . Naral strateg)
I. Title
i-;9
ISBN 0-71+6-5-5-12(c-2lo th)
ISII\ 0-7l'16-8-136(-plla per)
ISS\ 1366-9171t
Liblalr of (irngrcss( ,:rtaloging-in-I'ublicatiDonrt ir
'l'ill,
(ieoflicr
Se:rp oiler: a guide firr thc nventr-llrstc entun/Geotll'er''l'ill
p cm ((.asss eriesn ar:rlp olici'anclh istorr'
ISS\ 1166-9171J;2.j)
Includesb ibliogr:rphicarel ferenccasn d incler.
ISB\ 0-71+6-5-r-{2(-c2l oth) ISll\ 0-71+6-ll-1.i6(-p8t per)
l. Scr-ptxrerl.. 'l'itle. Il Serics
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L/-1 ontents
'l'lblcs
List of'Irigures ancl 1\
Prefacc xt
Abbreviations X1\
'l'hc
Sca and Seapou'er I
1.1 International Rclations: Cooperation and Cirnflict I
1.2 Dcfining Seapou.er 2
1.3 T'hc Sca: liour Historic Attributcs t)
'Ihe
l.+ Sea as a l{esource 1
'l'he 'l'ransportation
l.-; Sca rs a \,{cdium of and Erchange tl
'l'he
1.6 Sea as a \lcdium for Infbrmirtion and thc Spread
o1'I deas t2
1.7 'l'he Sea as a \Icdiurn for f)ominion 1.;
Lu l,rplaining the Secret of Nlaritime Success Iu
1.9 Seirpuucr: Qualifications and Limitations 1/.;1'l
\\'ho Said \\-hat and \\'hv it Matters 25
'l'he
2.1 \-rrlueo f''fl.reorr. in Nlaritime Opcrations 25
'l'1pes 'l'hcorr
2.2 On of 27
'l'heorr'
2.3 The F-arlr l)evelopmcnt of 3-5
2.+ Nlahan ancl thc lllue-u,ater Tcndencv 39
2.5 (.orbctt rnd the \laritimc Tradition +6
2.6 .\ltcrnltirc \-isions in X,{aritimeS tratcgr -;9
'l'hcorv
2.7 Opcrational -\rt irnd Ntodern Nlaritimc b6
2.8 F uturc Challenccs 11
'l'he
3 (irnstitucnts of ScaDuu'er l6
3.1 lntroductit-rn 76
3.2 lclcntifring the Constituents of Scapou'cr 1i
3..1 Population, Societv irnd Government t1
3.+ \IaritimcGeographr' rJ3
3.- ; Rcsourccs 91
3.6 A \laritinre l-conurnr 96
3.i Seirponer br Other \,Ieans I03
3.lJ I)octrine n1
S1.{P()\\ l'.R: \ GL ll)f: lrOR 'l FI}. 't \\ }.\1'\'-FIRS'l- (lr\TUR1
'fcchnolosv
Naviesa nd 113
+.1 Introduction 113
+.2 (.lussiiln\ g \ar ies 113
1.3 F.stimatingR elatir.eE ffcctivcness 116
1.1 \avics and Tcchnoloev:A n Introcluction 120
-+.-5 Platf<rrms 121
1.6 S\-stems\.V caponsa nd Scnsors 12tt
1.7 An InformationR evolutioni 1:i0
'Iransformationa'lf cchnologr
4.lJ Thc f.hallengeo f 136
'+.9 A Strategvf or Innor,irtion 13u
Ll0 Nar-icsa nd Tcchnolosr-S: ummarva nclf ,onclusi<lns l+6
Command of thc Sca llu
'fraditional
-5.1 l-r'olution of a Conccpt 1+8
5.2 Lirnits ancl Qualifications 1+9
1-r+
-5.3 Pursuing Commancl in \{odcrirtion
5.1 Command of the Sea Yields to Sea (,<-rntrol 1. 5.s
-5.-i Sca Denial 157
5.6 Conten-rprlrarvA ngles 159
Securing (,ommand of the Sea t62
6.1 Securing Command of the Sea: The Operation:rlApproach1 62
6.2 DecisiveB attle 163
6.3 liorms and Stvles of Decisive B:rttlc 169
6.1 Hou' to Achicvc a l)ecisive \-ictorv 173
6..5 \,'Iodern liorms :rnd Concepts of Battle li7
6.6 Opcrational Alternatir,est o Battle I ttO
6.i'I'hcF'leet-in-BcingApproach 180
6.lJ The filect Blockadc Iu6
Irxploiting Command of the Sea 193
7. l \'Iaritime Pou'cr Projcction: Definitions 193
i.2 \'laritimc Pou'er Projection: Aims l9-5
1..\ \mphibiousOpcrrrtions 199
7.+ Operational Nlanoeuvre from the Sea 20rl
7.5 Sea-BasccSl trategic N{issile Attack of thc Shorc 211
7.6 Dc{-cncc. \gainst N'Iaritimc Pou'cr Projcction 216
'l'he
i .7 -{ttack on \{aritime (.ommunications 223
'l'he
7.lJ Dcfcncc of Nlirritime Communicrrtions 229
(,(-)\'t'LN1'S vir
Irrpeditionar\O pcratlons 235
u.1 Origins irnd Background 235
It.2 Dcfinitions 236
'fhe
lJ.3 Politicall )imcnsion 23lt
'l'hc
ti.+ L rh:rnl )inrcnsion 211
8.-; Gcnerrl Demitndso n the Ntilitarl- 2+2
'l'he
8.6 \lantimc f)imension 2+-5
'l'he
lJ.7 Staginga^ Sea-llasecElr pedition: Nlirritime
Rcquiren-nrets 2.50
lJ.u (.onclusions 26i
t't.9 -\ HumanitarianP ostscript 269
271
9 Naval Diplomao'
9.1 Coverageo 1'\ar-al l)iplomacl in thc Litcraturc:
\\'ho Said \\ihat? 2i1
L).2 The l)iplomatic Valuc of Naval Poucr 273
9.3 '['he Rirngc and Ertent of Naval Diplomacl 216
9.+ Naval Prcsencc 27i
9..; \ aval Picture-Buildinq 281
9.6 \ar al C,riercion 2u.5
9.7 C,oalition-Builcling 29tt
(.).8 Nlral I)ipl<)nrac\':I mplications fbr Strxtcg\-Ihkcrs 303
l0 Goocl Orclcl ilt Sca 310
10.1 Introcluction: Ordcr and Disorder 310
10.2 'fhe Scrra s a Rcsource 311
10.3 'l'hc Sca rs a \Ieans of 'lransportation 31+
10.+ T'he Sca rrsa \lcans o1'Gaining and Erchanging
Inlilrn.rltion 32-t
10.-; 'I'hc Sca rs rn ,\rel of'Dominion 327
10.6 'l'he Serra s an ltnvironment 329
10.7 The \cccl firr Good Ordcr at Sca .).).1
l0.ll Increrrsing\,l^a ritimc -\u'areness 33-+
10.9 Doclopir-rg \laritimc Polio 337
10.10 Developing Integrirtcd -\'laritime Governancc 33ll
10.11 Policr Implcmentaion:T hc Narr- C,oastguirrSdp cctrum -\+L
3-+9
10.12 Implicationst br \avies
\'1ll SE.{,PO\\'l'.R.:'\ GUII)ll }rOR 'l'l lt. 'l \\ l.\'l'\ -l"IRS'f (.F.\TUR\
il F'utureS eapou'er 351
11.1 Introduction 3.51
11.2 The Seaa s a Rcsource 351
'I'he
ll.3 Seai rsa \,{edium for Transportationa ncll .rchange 352
I l.+ Thc Sea: rsa Nlcdium of Infrrrmationa nd the Srrrcad
o1'Icleirs 353
'fhe
11..; Result:A Global NlaritimeS vstem 353
11.6 A Sr-stemU nder Thrcat 35+
'l'hc
ll.7 Sca,D ominiona nclS ovcrcigntv 3';';
I l.u Dcfendingt he N,{aritinrcS vstcm 3.t7
I 1.9 A NlaritimcC onsortiuma s thc Basisf or Action 361
'l'he
I 1.10 F uture of Scaporver 36i
11.11N aral Forcel )et'elopmenti n thc Tu'cntr'-F'irsft,enturr' 376
Notcs 3i9
Bibliographr. 39i
Inclcr t 1 )
List of figures and Tables
TIIGURES
?uge
1.1 The Conflict/C.oopcratioSnp cctrum I
l.Z Sclpuu'crl:t s Sctting 3
1.3 Rcspondingto thc Four Attributcso f'thc Sea l
l.+ Oman'sS eaR outest o the Far East and EastA frica
the Islamic- l,ges l3
'l'hc
1.5 Iirtuous \laritime Circle 20
'fhc
2.1 Principleso f War .tL
'fhc
2.2 l)octrincC rclc 3+
2.3 Thc \brktou'n/(,hcsapcakCc ampaign,l 78l 38
2.+ The \Iaritinrc Stratcgr' ++
'Ihc
2.5 Locls of \\'ar 6lt
2.6 CampaignPlanning'lirols i0
2.7 Operationa\l' lanocuvrcf rom the Sca i2
'l'he
3.1 Constituentso f Seapou,er 78
'l'he
3.2 GeographicC onfirrmirtiono f South-Iras,t' \sia
[)ctcrmincsi ts StratcgicC haracteristics 8.t
u7
3.3 Sprin and thc Sca
3.+ (a) and (b) Russiaa nd thc Seai n (bld \\rarD ars IJIJ9
3.5 Componcntso f'F'ightingP orvcr 111
+.1 Nctwork-CcntricWarf'arc t32
1.2 A PortugueseC irrirvel 139
1.3 Thc S C.urre l+3
.5.1 Thc Norual Campaign,1 9.+0 152
'l'he
6.1 Riverl tichelieuC ampaign1, 776 ri2
'I'hcatre
6.2 The \orth Sea of Opcrations,1 916 In3
i.l \ SorictI )csrrrrOt pcration 197
'I'he
i.2 GallipoliL andings2, -5A pril 191.5 201
'l'hc
i.3 Normandr'l ,andines.1 944 203
SF.1PO\\'ER:t (;UIl)ll |OR -I'll l.'l'\\ f.\'l'\'-l'lRs'l' (.I,\TUR\
7. + (,ommancOl rganisationir t the Falklands,l 9ll2 20.5
7.5 The PeninsulaC ampaign:S trategicS ctting 208
7. 6 Dren'n-'sB lufl: XlanocuvreF rom the Sca 210
'l'hc
i.1 CoalitionP lan, 1991:O pcrational\ Iirnoeuvref hrm
the Sca 213
7.8 l)efcncci rgains\t' lissile Attack 223
'l'l-rc
1.9 Attirck on \,{irritime Communicati()ns 225
2+0
lJ.1 The ConscntH ierarchl
U.2 PcaccO perationsir nd the Stagcso f Cirnflict 212
Il.3 Allicd Ship Positionsin the Gulf' 217
9.1 Naral Dipk)mac\'T: he Components 216
l0.l Good OrderA t Sca 310
10.2 South AmericirnD rug Routes 322
10.3 Good Order At Sea:G encralR equircments 33+
3+0
10.-t N4aritimcZ ones
10.- 5 C.losingC irclcso f Jurisdiction 312
10.6 The Navl/(,oastguardS pectrum 31+
10.7 l'he US Cirastguaradn d the US Nai'r 3+6
I 1.1 Dcfcndingt he Svstem 3.)7
'I'lrc
11.2 Declinc of thc Hish Seas 370
TAI]I,ES
l)ug(
'I'hought
2.1 The Origins of Naval to 1900 36
4.1 A F'unction-IlaseId'i avalH icrarchr' 1l+
'f1,pcs
5.1 of'Control of thc Seab 1-A rca andhr Time 1-;6
\\ihile reasonablca ttempts har,eb ccn made tcl contact all coprright holclers
of illustrative rnatcrial rcproduced in this book, u'c itpologise for anl
omissions.A nv such errors can bc rectifled in latcr eclitionso f thc bclok if
the copr.right holcler notifies the publisher in advance.
Preface
'f)ur
nalv is addrcsseclo. ur Do\\'erc ollcctcd.'
Shrkur'*..., r,rr' /l . /'r -'. l\ zl
Thcse davs, King Henr\''s calm assurance that all is ccrtain in the naval
u'orld rings quitc strangelr..W hile at the beginning of the trventv-first
ccntur\, much has remained the same, a lot has changcd. And lr,hat has
chang'cds cems likelv to afi'ectt he functions, importance and impact of the
u'orlcl'sn avics in u'avsu hich raise questionsa bout the ertent tcl lvhich thcl
necd tcl adapt, perhapsq uitc radicalll, to chirnget heir $'ills, to identifv neu'
priorities. This hook attempts tcl erplore such mattcrs.
One thing that rapidlr bccamc clcar is that nothing about navics cirn be
taken in isolation. Likc thc occirni tself-,s eapoweri s'all joincd up'. For this
rcason, contemporarv conccrns nced to be put into their overall contcxt
backrvardsa nd fbru'ards in tcrms of timc, sidewavsi n tcrms of gcographic
area, up and dorl'n on the spectrum of naval roles from thc militarv,
through thc diplomatic to the constabularl' and bcvond. Seapower in the
tucntr'-first ccntllrv is a big-s ubject, especiallvr vhen u'e trv to erplore its
origins in thc \lcsolithic era! \{r- hope is that this book rvill hclp set the
aglendir fbr the scirf'arcrs of thc tu'cntr'-first centurv and fbr ever\ onc
interestecli n them. It is intcndccl to spark somc thoulihts that u.ill help thc
u'orld's sailors navigittc thcir war. thrclugh some quite unccrtain \vaters.
I have fbund that sailors are inclincd to think about the rt-rleo f narics
and thcir rclatirc placc in the scheme of things much more than thcr- are
commonll' preparcd to admit, and I har,cb cnefited a verl great deal simpli
fiom trrlking to them. Nor is this restricted t<l Westcrn sailors.I havc found
thirt n<ln-Western vieu's, u'hich both conflrm and dcnt' thc common
maritimc assumptions of Amcricans and Europeans, have a great deal to
oflcr. So this is rol a bo<,ikj ust about the US, British and othcr familiar
'I'he
navies. problcms and opportunities thev f'aceh ave also to bc dcalt lr-ith
br all the othcr navies <lf the rvorld, in their own \\:aJ and to their orvn
dcgrcc. I har-c thercfirrc profitcd cnormouslr,- from mr- contact ruith the
officers ancl students at various naval/staff collegcs around the lr'orld,
especiallr during the period of'a p;enerousr esearchg rant fiom the llritish
Acaclcmr', firr u'hich I lm cxtrcmclv plratcful.
I irnr particularlv inclcbtcd to thc (,onrmandant, staff (cspcciallr Captain
Saifu l Kabir) and studentso f thc BangladcshS taff College and the Nationirl
Dcfcncc Collcgc, \lirpur, ancl thc Naval Collcgc at C,hittagong;t o the
Con.rmandanat nd staff of the National Defence Colleec Delhi: Commodorc