Seafloor Mapping along Continental Shelves: Research and Techniques for Visualizing Benthic Environments PDF
Preview Seafloor Mapping along Continental Shelves: Research and Techniques for Visualizing Benthic Environments
Coastal Research Library 13 Charles W. Finkl Christopher Makowski Editors Seafloor Mapping along Continental Shelves Research and Techniques for Visualizing Benthic Environments Coastal Research Library Volume 13 Series Editor Charles W. Finkl Department of Geosciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA The aim of this book series is to disseminate information to the coastal research community. The Series covers all aspects of coastal research including but not limited to relevant aspects of geological sciences, biology (incl. ecology and coastal marine ecosystems), geomorphology (physical geography), climate, littoral oceanography, coastal hydraulics, environmental (resource) management, engineering, and remote sensing. Policy, coastal law, and relevant issues such as confl ict resolution and risk management would also be covered by the Series. The scope of the Series is broad and with a unique crossdisciplinary nature. The Series would tend to focus on topics that are of current interest and which carry some import as opposed to traditional titles that are esoteric and non-controversial. Monographs as well as contributed volumes are welcomed. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8795 Charles W. Finkl (cid:129) C hristopher Makowski Editors Seafl oor Mapping along Continental Shelves Research and Techniques for Visualizing Benthic Environments Editors Charles W. Finkl Christopher Makowski Coastal Education and Research Coastal Education and Research Foundation (CERF) Foundation (CERF) Fletcher , NC , USA Coconut Creek , FL , USA Department of Geosciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton , FL , USA ISSN 2211-0577 ISSN 2211-0585 (electronic) Coastal Research Library ISBN 978-3-319-25119-6 ISBN 978-3-319-25121-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25121-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016933027 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace This volume in the C oastal Research Library (CRL) deals with the visualization of coastal shelf environments as derived from various remote sensing techniques. Platforms for the remote sensing apparatuses range from satellites and aircraft to ships and autonomous under- water vehicles. Of interest here is not the remote sensing platform or actual device for acquit- ting data remotely, but the results or products that are used to visualize and interpret coastal shelf environments from onshore to deeper waters. The range of remotely sensed data is from shoreward subaerial, estuarine, and intertidal realms (e.g., dunes, spits and bars, and man- groves) to offshore seafl oor surface and shallow subsurface conditions. In addition to land surfaces, seafl oors, and subfl oor geology, aspects of the water column itself are also included, as, for example, the visualization of water quality and marine soundscape ecology that permits underwater mapping via bioacoustics. B ecause this book focuses on the visualization of coastal shelf environments, imagery is critical to the discussions and in fact is the basis of the presentation. Such being the case, our volume is produced in a larger format style to facilitate viewing of the various types of remotely sensed imagery. Most of the images reproduced here have been enhanced in one way or another to facilitate viewing and perception of desired properties or objects being observed. Of particu- lar interest are the many different ways of obtaining images that convey a comprehensible visualization of coastal shelf conditions or environments. The production of comprehendible visualizations in the form of various types of imagery is critical to proper understanding of coastal shelf environments. One of the purposes of this volume therefore is to show a range of visualizations that can be derived from remote sensing and to show how this information is used in practical ways for environmental studies or exploration of natural resources. The 11 chapters in this book are organized into three parts that focus initially on the devel- opment of modern seafl oor mapping and then consider remotely sensed biological and physi- cal surveys of coasts and seafl oors, viz., Part I, Historical Development of Seafl oor Mapping and Survey; Part II, Environmental/Biological Survey of Coastal and Shelf Environments; and Part III, Physical Surveys of Coasts and Seafl oor Exploration on Continental Shelves. This tripartite grouping of chapters is, of course, artifi cial and only an attempt to organize the mate- rial in a cogent manner. It is hoped that this organization will facilitate increased understanding of the development of seafl oor mapping and inculcate an appreciation for the wide manner by which visualization of remotely sensed data is utilized. P art I includes one chapter (“History of Modern Seafl oor Mapping”) that introduces the scope and context of the book where Christopher Makowski and Charles W. Finkl provide some insight into advances in seafl oor mapping techniques over the past century. Although not all-inclusive, this chapter highlights some of the major advances in seafl oor mapping. Of par- ticular interest here are the various types of visualizations that can be interpreted from airborne laser bathymetry to identify a wide range of geomorphic features on the coast and seafl oor. Part II contains fi ve chapters that generally deal with remote sensing techniques for the ecological visualization of coastal marine environments along continental shelves. Chapter 2 (“Seafl oor Mapping Along Continental Shelves: Research and Techniques for Visualizing Benthic Environments”), by Vanessa L. Lucieer and Alexander L. Forrest, introduces remote v vi Preface sensing imagery acquired by autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). This overview reports that these untethered underwater robots can acquire imagery and actual physical, biological, and chemical samples. Chapter 3 (“Remote Sensing Technologies for the Assessment of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems”), by Francisco Gutierres, Ana Cláudia Teodoro, Eusébio Reis, Carlos Neto, and José Carlos Costa, reviews remote sensing (RS) technologies that are appropriate for marine and coastal ecosystem research and management. Included here are images that are used to show ranges of water quality in coastal waters, presence of river plumes, estuarine/coastal sandy bodies, beach features/patterns, and changes and integrity (health) of coastal lagoon habitats. Chapter 4 (“A Review of Remote Sensing Techniques for the Visualization of Mangroves, Reefs, Fishing Grounds, and Molluscan Settling Areas in Tropical Waters”), by Thankam Theresa Paul, Dennis A., and Grinson George, analyzes various appli- cations of satellite remote sensing and numerical modeling for identifi cation and mapping of mangroves, coral reefs, and fi shing and molluscan grounds in coastal marine ecosystems via some case studies and illustrations. Victor V. Klemas in Chap. 5 (“Remote Sensing of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation”) reports that multispectral and hyperspectral imagers, LiDAR, and radar systems are available for the mapping of coastal marshes, submerged aquatic vegeta- tion (SAV), coral reefs, beach profi les, water turbidity, chlorophyll concentration, and eutro- phication. Here, Vic Klemas shows that by using a time series of images, scientists are then able to visualize the health of submerged aquatic vegetation, along with other coastal ecosys- tems, and determine long-term trends and short-term changes. Chapter 6 (“Combining Cetacean Soundscape Ecology and Niche Modeling to Contribute in the Mapping of the Brazilian Continental Shelf”), by Marcos R. Rossi-Santos and Guilherme de Oliveira, intro- duces marine soundscape ecology through a cetacean study perspective. Underwater mapping is visualized here in terms of bioacoustics, photo-video recordings, GIS, and behavioral observations. Part III consists of fi ve chapters that, respectively, deal with visualization of shelf geomor- phology, subbottom geological features, monitoring aggregate dredging, imaging of optically deep water environments, and terrestrial coastal environments. Peter Harris and Miles Macmillan-Lawler in Chap. 7 (“Global Overview of Continental Shelf Geomorphology Based on the SRTM30_PLUS 30-Arc Second Database”) discuss multivariate analysis of geomor- phic features occurring on the global continental shelf that were mapped based on the Shuttle Radar Topography Mapping (SRTM30_PLUS) 30-arc second database. Multivariate analysis of geomorphic features occurring on the continental shelf showed that eight morphotypes cap- ture the main spatial differences on a global basis. The eight morphotypes are grouped into four broad categories: narrow/shallow shelves; wide-fl at shelves; deep-glaciated shelves; and intermediate shelves. Chapter 8 (“Seismic Profi ling of the Seabottom for Shallow Geological and Geotechnical Investigations”), by Leszek J. Kasubowski, discusses the analysis of differ- ent refl ective levels, the nature of the borderlines of refl ective horizons, and their relative clar- ity and angles. He then correlates between seismoacoustic materials and geology of the adjacent land area, based on the use of geological maps and drilling cores from the coastal zone, taking into account the lithology, stratigraphy, and depth of occurrence of certain refl ec- tive levels and the surface of angular discordance. This procedure permits initial presentation of bedrock structures and correlates sub-Quaternary surface and the lithological composition of deposits. In a similar geological context, Dafydd Lloyd Jones, Robert Langman, Ian Reach, John Gribble, and Nigel Griffi ths in Chap. 9 (“Using Multibeam and Side-Scan Sonar to Monitor Aggregate Dredging”) deployed multibeam data to show bathymetric changes that resulted from aggregate extraction limited to the direct footprint of dredging. Side-scan sonar data showed no changes in the overall interpretation when comparing datasets from 2009 to 2013. Chapter 1 0 (“Landscape-Level Imaging of Benthic Environments in Optically Deep Waters”), by Roy A. Armstrong, shows how high-resolution optical data from AUV and ROV sensors can provide unprecedented visual information on the community structure and condi- tion of deeper zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate coral reefs. These high-resolution benthic images, when analyzed quantitatively, provide estimates of fi sh abundance and the use of the Preface vii habitat. For mesophotic and deep coral ecosystems, AUV benthic assessments provide essential information for selecting areas of high biodiversity and structural complexity for habitat pro- tection and management. The last chapter (“Terrestrial Laser Scanner Techniques for Enhancement in Understanding of Coastal Environments”), by Iain Fairley, Tony Thomas, Michael Phillips, and Dominic Reeve, provides a review of the state of the art of the use of terrestrial laser scanners in coastal environments, with particular attention paid to the use of data abundance to derive additional information beyond morphology. Terrestrial laser scanner techniques can be used to produce high-resolution morphological maps that in turn facilitate interpretation of sediment type, surface roughness, surface moisture, and vegetation cover as inferred from the point density and additional parameters. Although remote sensing data is amenable to numerical processing, modulation, and manipulation, in the fi nal analysis it must produce a product that is visually informative. The visual aspect of remote sensing is achieved in the imagery, which is usually enhanced in some way for perceptual clarity and understanding. In this book we have tried to show a range of methods or techniques for acquiring coastal marine data (e.g., acoustic analysis in soundscape ecology, aerial photography, airborne laser topography and bathymetry, autonomous underwa- ter vehicles, echo sounder and seismic refl ection, radar systems, satellite imagery, Shuttle Radar Topography Mapping, side-scan sonar) that can be visualized in various ways. Visualization of the remote sensing data allows the user to interpret what is detected by instru- mentation. The resulting imagery is an approximation of Nature that when presented in com- prehendible ways enables researchers to better understand what cannot be seen with the naked eye. Because remote sensing imagery sometimes has artistic value, it is our hope and desire that readers will better appreciate the advantages of acquiring remote sensing data for practical purposes. Whether the imagery is aesthetic or not, the visual portrayal of remote sensing data helps to synthesize the complexity of Nature into meaningful terms. We thus hope that this book, with its lavish illustrations, will not only be informative but enjoyable as well. Fletcher , NC , USA Charles W. Finkl Coconut Creek , FL , USA Christopher Makowski Contents Part I Historical Development of Seafl oor Mapping and Survey 1 History of Modern Seafl oor Mapping ................................................................... 3 Christopher Makowski and Charles W. Finkl Part II Environmental/Biological Survey of Coastal and Shelf Environments 2 Emerging Mapping Techniques for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) .................................................................................. 53 Vanessa L. Lucieer and Alexander L. Forrest 3 Remote Sensing Technologies for the Assessment of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems ........................................................................ 69 Francisco Gutierres , Ana Cláudia Teodoro , Eusébio Reis , Carlos Neto , and José Carlos Costa 4 A Review of Remote Sensing Techniques for the Visualization of Mangroves, Reefs, Fishing Grounds, and Molluscan Settling Areas in Tropical Waters ................................................ 105 Thankam Theresa Paul , A. Dennis , and G rinson George 5 Remote Sensing of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation ............................................. 125 Victor V. Klemas 6 Combining Cetacean Soundscape Ecology and Niche Modeling to Contribute in the Mapping of the Brazilian Continental Shelf ...................... 141 Marcos R. Rossi-Santos and Guilherme de Oliveira Part III Physical Surveys of Coasts and Seafloor Exploration on Continental Shelves 7 Global Overview of Continental Shelf Geomorphology Based on the SRTM30_PLUS 30-Arc Second Database ..................................... 169 Peter T. Harris and Miles Macmillan-Lawler 8 Seismic Profi ling of the Seabottoms for Shallow Geological and Geotechnical Investigations ......................................................... 191 Leszek J. Kaszubowski 9 Using Multibeam and Sidescan Sonar to Monitor Aggregate Dredging ............................................................................. 245 Dafydd Lloyd Jones , Robert Langman , Ian Reach , John Gribble , and Nigel Griffi ths ix
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