Scrutinising Science: The Changing UK Government of Science PDF
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Scrutinising Science The Changing UK Government of Science Rebecca Boden, Deborah Cox, Maria Nedeva and Katharine Barker Transforming Government General Editor: R. A. W. Rhodes, Professor of Politics, University of Newcastle This important and authoritative new series arises out of the seminal ESRC Whitehall Programme and seeks to fill the enormous gaps in our knowledge of the key actors and institutions of British government. It examines the many large changes during the postwar period and puts these into comparative context by analysing the experience of the advanced industrial democracies of Europe and the nations of the Commonwealth. The series reports the results of the Whitehall Programme, a four-year project into change in British government in the postwar period, mounted by the Economic and Social Research Council. Titles include: Rebecca Boden, Deborah Cox, Maria Nedeva and Katharine Barker SCRUTINISING SCIENCE The Changing UK Government of Science Simon Bulmer, Martin Burch, Calitríona Carter, Patricia Hogwood and Andrew Scott BRITISH DEVOLUTION AND EUROPEAN POLICY-MAKING Transforming Britain to Multi-Level Governance Nicholas Deakin and Richard Parry THE TREASURY AND SOCIAL POLICY The Contest for Control of Welfare Strategy Oliver James THE EXECUTIVE AGENCY REVOLUTION IN WHITEHALL Public Interest Versus Bureau-Shaping Perspectives David Marsh, David Richards and Martin J. Smith CHANGING PATTERNS OF GOVERNANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Reinventing Whitehall? B. Guy Peters, R. A. W. Rhodes and Vincent Wright (editors) ADMINISTERING THE SUMMIT Administration of the Core Executive in Developed Countries R. A. W. Rhodes (editor) TRANSFORMING BRITISH GOVERNMENT Volume One: Changing Institutions Volume Two: Changing Roles and Relationships Martin J. Smith THE CORE EXECUTIVE IN BRITAIN Kevin Theakston LEADERSHIP IN WHITEHALL Kevin Theakston (editor) BUREAUCRATS AND LEADERSHIP Patrick Weller, Herman Bakvis and R. A. W. Rhodes (editors) THE HOLLOW CROWN Countervailing Trends in Core Executives Transforming Government Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71580-2 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Scrutinising Science The Changing UK Government of Science Rebecca Boden Professor of Accounting, Bristol Business School, University of the West of England, UK Deborah Cox Research Fellow, PREST, University of Manchester, UK Maria Nedeva Research Fellow, PREST, University of Manchester, UK and Katharine Barker Research Fellow, PREST, University of Manchester, UK © Rebecca Boden,Deborah Cox,Maria Nedeva and Katharine Barker 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004 978-0-333-74969-2 All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham Court Road,London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-41194-8 ISBN 978-1-4039-4393-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403943934 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scrutinising science :the changing UK government of science / Rebecca Boden… [et al.]. p.cm.– (Transforming government) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-333-74969-2 (cloth) 1.Science and state – Great Britain.2.Research – Government policy – Great Britain I.Boden Rebecca,1958– II.Transforming government (Palgrave Macmillan (Firm)) Q127.G4S47–2004 338.941(cid:2)06—dc21 2003054919 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi Foreword xii 1 The Changing Nature of Scientific Organisation 1 1 Introduction 1 2 Science, society and change 2 3 Science dynamics and conceptual frameworks 3 4 Science dynamics: a different viewpoint 13 5 The structure of this book 27 2 Historical Context 28 1 Introduction 28 2 Science in Britain before 1939 29 3 The post-war era 34 4 Some conclusions 44 3 New Public Management 47 1 Introduction 47 2 The concept(s) of new public management 47 3 New public management in Britain 52 4 New public management and science in the UK 56 5 Some conclusions 72 4 The Organisation of Science 75 1 Introduction 75 2 The nature and diversity of services and customers 75 3 A typography of reform 78 4 The reformed organisations 87 5 Some conclusions 106 5 Science and Markets 109 1 Introduction 109 2 Market failure and states 112 v vi Contents 3 Perceptions of state failure 115 4 A model of marketisation and privatisation 120 5 Privatisation and marketisation 125 6 Some conclusions 135 6 Scientific Knowledge Production Processes 136 1 Introduction 136 2 Knowledge production processes defined 137 3 Phases of knowledge production in the UK 141 4 ‘Shared visions’ and commodified science? 145 5 Of cost codes and other things 153 6 Some conclusions 155 7 Lab Reports 157 1 Introduction 157 2 Accountability discussed 158 3 New accountabilities in science 165 4 Discussion and conclusions 183 8 The Future of Science? 185 1 Introduction 185 2 3-D change 186 3 Change 189 4 Scenarios for science 191 Notes 194 Bibliography 196 Index 204 List of Tables 1.1 Argued differences between Mode 1 and Mode 2 knowledge production 9 2.1 Annual rates of industrial growth 30 3.1 The first wave – outcome of the first tranche of Prior Options Reviews 73 4.1 Examples of the range of science and technology services procured by the UK government 77 4.2 Government Research Establishments, agency status and subsequent status 80 vii List of Figures 2.1 Traditional model of science 45 3.1 Establishment mission areas 58 5.1 A model for marketisation 121 viii List of Abbreviations AA Automobile Association ADAS Agricultural Development and Advisory Service BBSRC Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BRDC British Research and Development Corporation BRE Building Research Establishment BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy C&AG Comptroller and Auditor General CEFAS Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquamarine Science DEFRA Department for Rural Affairs DERA Defence Evaluation and Research Agency DES Department for Education and Science DoE Department of the Environment DoT Department of Transport DRA Defence Research Agency DSIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research DSTL Defence Science and Technology Laboratory DTI Department of Trade and Industry EU European Union FMI Financial Management Initiative GoCo Government-owned, Company-operated GRE Government Research Establishment HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office HSE Health and Safety Executive IPCS Institution of Professional Civil Servants IPMS Institution of Professionals, Managers and Specialists LGC Laboratory of the Government Chemist MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries MINIS Management Information System for Ministers MoD Ministry of Defence MRC Medical Research Council NAMAS National Measurement Accreditation Service NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NEL National Engineering Laboratory NIS National Innovation System NPL National Physical Laboratory NPM New Public Management ix
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