Scrambling as Case-Driven Obligatory Movement

156 Pages·2016·0.86 MB·English

University of Pennsylvania
ScholarlyCommons
IRCS Technical Reports Series Institute for Research in Cognitive Science
April 1993
Scrambling as Case-Driven Obligatory Movement
Young-Suk Lee
University of Pennsylvania
Follow this and additional works at:http://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports
Lee, Young-Suk, "Scrambling as Case-Driven Obligatory Movement" (1993).IRCS Technical Reports Series. 15.
http://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports/15
University of Pennsylvania Institute for Research in Cognitive Science Technical Report No. IRCS-93-06
This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons.http://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports/15
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Scrambling as Case-Driven Obligatory Movement
Abstract
In this thesis I explore the nature and properties of scrambling in Korean. Contrary to the widely accepted
view that scrambling is truly optional, I propose that scrambling is a consequence of case-driven obligatory
movement, a proposal consistent with the "last resort" condition on movement in [Chomsky 1991] and
[Chomsky 1992]. I assume that scrambling is adjunction and defend this view in Ch. 5.
In Ch. 2 and Ch. 3 based on binding facts and scope reconstruction, I claim that scrambling is best analyzed as
A-movement. Scrambling either creates a binding relation which does not obtain in the base order, or destroys
a binding relation which obtains in the base order. A scrambled element undergoes optional reconstruction
for scope interpretation. All these properites are consistent with those of standard A-movement.
In Ch. 4, I propose that scrambling is a consequence of case-driven movement. On the basis of case and word
order possibilities in event nominal clauses, I first establish that in Korean nominative case is licensed by
INFL, and accusative case by a complex category formed by the head raising of VERB-to-INFL. Under the
VP-internal Subject Hypothesis, all the arguments have to move out of VP to be assigned case. As long as the
case licensing conditions are met, arguments may be arranged in any order, and therefore, scrambling is a
consequence of case driven movement.
The combination of the assumption that scrambling is adjunction with the proposal that scrambling is A-
movement leads to the conclusion that adjoined positions are A-positions, contrary to the view in [Chomsky
1986] that adjoined positions are A'-positions. In Ch. 5, I defend the conclusion that adjoined positions are A-
positions in Korean, on the basis of facts involving case assignment to adverbials, binding by a nominative
adjunct NP in multiple nominative constructions, and absence of island effects in scrambling out of a
scrambled clause.
In Ch. 6, I examine island effects and discourse constraints on scrambling. I argue that islandhood of various
clause types is determined by the selectional properties of the clause, as argued by [Cinque 1990] for wh-
movement. I also argue that the relevant discourse notion characterizing the scramblability of an element is
"presuppositionality" as defined in [Diesing 1990], rather than specificity as various authors including
[Moltmann 1990], [Mahajan 1990] and [Enc 1991] advocate.
Comments
University of Pennsylvania Institute for Research in Cognitive Science Technical Report No. IRCS-93-06
This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons:http://repository.upenn.edu/ircs_reports/15
The Institute For
Research In Cognitive
Science
Scrambling as Case-Driven
Obligatory Movemen
(Ph.D. Dissertation)
P
by
Young-Suk Lee
E
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6228 N
April 1993
Site of the NSF Science and Technology Center for N
Research in Cognitive Science
University of Pennsylvania IRCS Report 93-06
Founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1740
Scrambling as Case(cid:0)driven Obligatory Movement
Young(cid:0)Suk Lee
A Dissertation
in
Linguistics
Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Ful(cid:0)llment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:3)
Anthony S(cid:4) Kroch(cid:5) Supervisor of Dissertation
Sabine Iatridou(cid:5) Committee Member
James Yoon(cid:5) Committee Member
Donald Ringe(cid:5) Graduate Group Chairperson
(cid:0)c Copyright (cid:0)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:2)
by
Young(cid:3)Suk Lee
Acknowledgements
I have waited so long to have this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who
have helped me come this far(cid:4) I am very grateful to my committee members(cid:4) My advisor(cid:5)
Anthony Kroch(cid:5) has shaped my view of linguistics(cid:5) and every page of this thesis re(cid:6)ects his
in(cid:6)uence(cid:4) His emphasis on independent thinking and high academic standards has always
driven me to push my limits(cid:4) It was an immeasurable blessing to have Sabine Iatridou
on my committee(cid:4) Even though Sabine came to Penn at the latter stages of my thesis
research(cid:5) having her around was critical in strengthening my ability as a researcher(cid:4) My
desire to emulate her as a teacher and a linguist prompted me to serve as a volunteer TA
for her introductory semantics class(cid:4) Besides being an intellectual mentor(cid:5) she was always
willing toshareherexperience with measafriend(cid:5) andhasbeen agreatsource ofemotional
support(cid:4) James Yoon read every single page of this thesis(cid:5) despite the fact that I asked him
to serve on my committee at a very late stage(cid:4) His challenging comments got me to think
about problems which I would have never addressed by myself(cid:4) Had he spent the time on
his research which he spent in reading my thesis and typing all the commentswhich he sent
to me via e(cid:7)mail(cid:5) he could have written at least two substantial research papers of his own(cid:5)
My teachers at Penn have contributed greatly to my intellectual development(cid:8) Naoki
Fukui(cid:9)s thesis and his seminar on GB syntax convinced me that Government and Binding
Theory is a suitable theoretical framework even for languages like Korean(cid:4) Aravind Joshi(cid:9)s
seminar on Tree Adjoining Grammarand Mark Steedman(cid:9)s seminar on CombinatoryCate(cid:7)
gorialGrammartaughtmethattherearemanywaystoapproachformalsyntax(cid:5)in addition
to enabling me to gain insights into the formalisms(cid:4) Ellen Prince(cid:9)s courses on pragmatics
emphasized the close interaction between syntax and discourse(cid:5) and prevented me from
drawing hasty syntactic generalizations(cid:4) Various sociolinguistics classes which I took with
Gillian Sanko(cid:10) made me be aware of the immense variation among speakers(cid:4) Besides(cid:5) the
(cid:0)eld workcourse (cid:11)Speech Community(cid:12)(cid:5)which I tookin my(cid:0)rstsemester atPenn(cid:5) wassuch
a welcome change(cid:4) I got to talk to people and learn about the Philadelphia community(cid:5)
insteadofspending hoursandhoursin trackingdownahugelist oflinguistics articles(cid:4) Even
though I never had a chance to take his course(cid:5) Bill Labov has been a role model for me(cid:4)
My experience with him as a TA for Introduction to Linguistics was enough to motivate
me to aspire to be a good linguist who is full of energy and enthusiasm(cid:4)
Shortly after I came to Penn(cid:5) I wanted to work on scrambling for my thesis(cid:4) People
talked about scrambling a lot as a distinguishing characteristic of Korean and Japanese(cid:5) as
opposed to English(cid:4) But I didn(cid:9)t see much work on it aside from Mamoru Saito(cid:9)s thesis
on Japanese(cid:4) I felt frustrated every time I heard the word scrambling(cid:5) and wanted to
learn about it(cid:4) Conversations with Jee(cid:7)In Kim(cid:5) who was working on scrambling within
Combinatory Categorial Grammar in (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:13)(cid:2)(cid:5) inspired me to look at the phenomenon from a
iii
theoretical perspective(cid:4) The term paper which I wrote with Michael Niv on how to handle
scrambling in Combinatory Categorial Grammar was the starting point of my research(cid:4)
Whenever I got stuck in my research(cid:5) there were always people who were willing to help
me out(cid:8) the scrambling reading group which Beatrice Santorini organized guided me to
raise the relevant issues and gave me lots of reading material(cid:4) The process of working
with Beatrice Santorini made writing my proposal much easier(cid:4) The insightful paper which
Shigeru Miyagawa wrote and gave me a copy of after my presentation at ESCOL (cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:14) has
been an invaluable resource for my thesis(cid:4) In retrospect(cid:5) my thesis work is an attempt to
improve on his work(cid:4) I am so indebted to him that I cannot thank him enough(cid:4)
I have also bene(cid:0)ted from discussions with other people in the process of writing my
thesis(cid:4) Chapter (cid:15) of this thesis draws heavily from my joint work with Owen Rambow and
RobertFrank(cid:4) Discussions which I had withOwen Rambowonhowtohandle scrambling in
TreeAdjoining Grammarhelped meclarify anumberofassumptionswhich haverarelybeen
made explicit on the issue(cid:4) Detailed comments on my thesis proposal by Gert Webelhuth
andDong(cid:7)Whee Yang(cid:5)repeated e(cid:7)mail correspondence with Anoop Mahajan(cid:5)conversations
with Mamoru Saito(cid:5) Peter Sells(cid:9)s comments on my paper on case possibilities in event
nominal clauses(cid:5) Caroline Heycock(cid:9)s challenging questions and comments in the scrambling
seminar(cid:5)and conversationswithMichael Hegartyatthe latterstagesofmyresearchhaveall
made essential contributions tothis thesis(cid:4) The Tilburg Workshop on scrambling organized
by Henk van Riemsdijk and Nobert Corver took place when I was about to write my thesis
proposal(cid:5)andenabledmetolookattheissuefromabroaderperspective(cid:4) Ialsocannotforget
U(cid:16)mit Turan and Beryl Ho(cid:10)man whose research on scrambling in Turkish has always made
mefeel thatmynextstepin researchshould be athoroughcomparativestudyofscrambling
between Korean and Turkish(cid:4) Michael Niv(cid:5) Dan Hardt and B(cid:4) Srinivas graciously allowed
me to share their o(cid:17)ce space(cid:5) which was absolutely crucial in expediting the process of
writing this thesis(cid:4) Alexis Dimitriadis proofread this thesis until the last minute of my stay
at Penn(cid:4)
I am grateful to the following people for having been my informants whenever I needed
them(cid:8) SaekoUrushibara(cid:5) Hiroaki Tada(cid:5) Ken Matsuda(cid:5)and Naoki Fukui for Japanese(cid:5) Umit
Turan for Turkish(cid:5) Caroline Heycock(cid:5) Beatrice Santorini(cid:5) Michael Hegarty(cid:5) Robert Frank(cid:5)
Beth Ann Hockey(cid:5) Michael Niv(cid:5) and Dan Hardt for English(cid:5) Chang(cid:7)Bong Lee(cid:5) Soon(cid:7)Hyun
Hong(cid:5) Wonchul Park(cid:5) Sunny Chae(cid:5) Hyokon Kim(cid:5) Jong Park(cid:5) Inhye Kang(cid:5) Jee(cid:7)In Kim(cid:5)
Jin(cid:7)Young Choi(cid:5) Dong(cid:7)In Cho(cid:5) Ki(cid:7)Sun Hong(cid:5) and Moon Jung for Korean(cid:4)
My stay at Penn was very pleasant and intellectually stimulating because of the great
colleagues I have had(cid:8) Victoria Tredinnick(cid:5) Alexis Dimitriadis(cid:5) Ra(cid:10)aella Zanuttini(cid:5) Megan
Moser(cid:5)Julie Auger(cid:5)Christine Nakatani(cid:5)Enric Vallduv(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:5) SharonCote(cid:5)BerylHo(cid:10)man(cid:5)Libby
Levison(cid:5) PamelaSaunders(cid:5)MichaelMoore(cid:5)MichaelWhite(cid:5)JamieHenderson(cid:5) andJe(cid:10)Mark
Siskind(cid:4) Whenever I was tired of study(cid:5) and needed constructive distractions such as going
swimming(cid:5) going to Wawa(cid:5) and having a meal together(cid:5) Anuj Dawar(cid:5) Barbara Di Eugenio(cid:5)
Patrick Paroubek(cid:5) Tilman Becker and Ulf Cahn von Seelen were always there(cid:4) I have
acquired a lot of knowledge by going to the CLiFF meetings (cid:20)Computational Linguistics
InformalFeedback Forum(cid:21)(cid:4) Several visitorstotheLinguistics Departmentand theInstitute
for Research in Cognitive Science at Penn have enriched my linguistic experience(cid:8) Richard
Oehrle(cid:5) Steve Franks(cid:5) James Higginbotham(cid:5) David Pesetsky(cid:5) Peter Sgall(cid:5) and Angelica
Kratzer(cid:4)
It was always fun to go to the Korean linguistics conferences and talk to the following
iv
people(cid:8) Ki(cid:7)Sun Hong(cid:5) Young(cid:7)Mee Yu Cho(cid:5) Dong(cid:7)In Cho(cid:5) Saeko Urshibara(cid:5) Hyun(cid:7)Woo Lee(cid:5)
Sung(cid:7)Ho Ahn(cid:5) Hyun(cid:7)Sook Shin(cid:5) Sook(cid:7)Hwan Cho(cid:5) Jong(cid:7)Ho Jun(cid:5) Hee(cid:7)Rahk Chae(cid:5) Eun(cid:7)Joo
Han(cid:5) John Whitman(cid:5) Joan Maling(cid:5) Young(cid:7)Joo Kim(cid:5) Young(cid:7)Key Kim Renaud(cid:5) Seung(cid:7)Ho
Nam(cid:5) James Yoon(cid:5) Peter Sells(cid:5) Jae(cid:7)Hyung Cho(cid:5) Jeong(cid:7)Sheik Lee(cid:5) Soon(cid:7)Ja Choi(cid:5) Dae(cid:7)Ho
Chung(cid:5) Ik(cid:7)Hwan Lee(cid:5) Chungmin Lee(cid:5) Joung(cid:7)Ran Kim(cid:5) Soo(cid:7)Yeon Kim(cid:5) Jong(cid:7)Ho Jun(cid:4) I am
especially grateful to Dong(cid:7)In Cho for sending me several interesting articles(cid:4) My teachers
back in Korea constantly encouraged me to do my best even after I came to Penn(cid:8) My MA
thesis advisor(cid:5) Choon(cid:7)Hak Cho(cid:5) MA thesis committee(cid:5) Nam(cid:7)Sheik Park and Dong(cid:7)Whee
Yang(cid:5) my advisors in college Suk(cid:7)San Kim and Byung(cid:7)Gun Lee(cid:5) and my college teachers
In(cid:7)Sook Kim(cid:5) Han(cid:7)Kon Kim and Byung(cid:7)Tae Cho(cid:4)
There are two people whose help I would like to acknowledge the most(cid:8) Beatrice San(cid:7)
torini and Michael Niv(cid:4) Beatrice Santorini was always willing to proofread and discuss my
papers(cid:4) She sat down with me for hours and hours in front of a terminal to teach me how
to write a paper(cid:4) Her great sense of humor made it all the more enjoyable to be in her
company(cid:4) Her emphasis on hard work also made me feel less lonely(cid:4) Michael Niv has been
mygreatinformal teacherforEnglish(cid:5) ComputerScience(cid:5) hextris(cid:5)etc(cid:4) Healwayslistened to
my half baked ideas(cid:5) and made me realize their merits and drawbacks(cid:4) Only his friendship
enabled me to sustain my sanity in hard times(cid:4)
My study at Penn was made possible through the (cid:0)nancial support from the School
of Arts and Sciences of the University of Pennsylvania(cid:5) the Mellon Foundation(cid:5) and the
summer fundings from Aravind Joshi(cid:8) The grant numbers are
(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:2)(cid:1) (cid:7) (cid:13)(cid:23)(cid:2)(cid:1) DARPA Sponsor (cid:24)(cid:8) N(cid:14)(cid:14)(cid:14)(cid:1)(cid:25)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:7)J(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:3)
(cid:26)(cid:23)(cid:2)(cid:14) (cid:7) (cid:13)(cid:23)(cid:2)(cid:14) DARPA Sponsor (cid:24)(cid:8) N(cid:14)(cid:14)(cid:14)(cid:1)(cid:25)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:7)J(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:3)
(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:13)(cid:2) (cid:7) (cid:13)(cid:23)(cid:13)(cid:2) NSF Sponsor (cid:24)(cid:8) MC(cid:27)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:15)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:22)
(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:13)(cid:13) (cid:7) (cid:13)(cid:23)(cid:13)(cid:13) NSF Sponsor (cid:24)(cid:8) DCR(cid:13)(cid:25)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:25)(cid:1)(cid:3)
Thanks also go to Ellen Prince who encouraged me to apply for funding in my last year at
Penn(cid:4)
Finally(cid:5) I deeply thank my family members(cid:8) my mother(cid:5) my brothers Man(cid:7)Jae(cid:5) In(cid:7)Jae(cid:5)
Won(cid:7)Jae and Soo(cid:7)Jae(cid:5) and my sister In(cid:7)Sook(cid:4) Without their support(cid:5) I cannot imagine
myself coming this far(cid:4) I dedicate this thesis to my mother(cid:5) who never experienced(cid:5) but
knows better than anyone else what it is like to be in school(cid:4)
v
Abstract
Scrambling as Case(cid:3)driven Obligatory Movement
Author(cid:1) Young(cid:0)Suk Lee
Supervisor(cid:1) Anthony S(cid:2) Kroch
In this thesis I explore the nature and properties of scrambling in Korean(cid:4) Contrary to
the widely accepted view that scrambling is truly optional(cid:5) I propose that scrambling is a
consequenceofcase(cid:7)drivenobligatorymovement(cid:5)aproposalconsistentwiththe(cid:11)lastresort(cid:12)
condition on movement in (cid:28)Chomsky (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:29) and (cid:28)Chomsky (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:15)(cid:29)(cid:4) I assume that scrambling
is adjunction and defend this view in Ch(cid:4) (cid:27)(cid:4)
InCh(cid:4)(cid:15)andCh(cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:5)basedonbinding factsandscope reconstruction(cid:5)Iclaim thatscrambling
is best analyzed as A(cid:7)movement(cid:4) Scrambling either creates a binding relation which does
not obtain in the base order(cid:5) or destroys a binding relation which obtains in the base order(cid:4)
A scrambled element undergoes optional reconstruction for scope interpretation(cid:4) All these
properites are consistent with those of standard A(cid:7)movement(cid:4)
In Ch(cid:4) (cid:25)(cid:5) I propose that scrambling is a consequence of case(cid:7)driven movement(cid:4) On the
basis of case and word order possibilities in event nominal clauses(cid:5) I (cid:0)rst establish that
in Korean nominative case is licensed by infl(cid:5) and accusative case by a complex category
formed by the head raising of verb(cid:7)to(cid:7)infl(cid:4) Under the VP(cid:7)internal Subject Hypothesis(cid:5)
all the argumentshave to move out of VP tobe assigned case(cid:4) As long as the case licensing
conditions are met(cid:5) arguments may be arranged in any order(cid:5) and therefore(cid:5) scrambling is
a consequence of case(cid:7)driven movement(cid:4)
The combination of the assumption that scrambling is adjunction with the proposal that
scrambling is A(cid:7)movement leads to the conclusion that adjoined positions are A(cid:7)positions(cid:5)
(cid:0)
contrarytothe view in (cid:28)Chomsky (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:29) thatadjoined positions areA(cid:7)positions(cid:4) In Ch(cid:4) (cid:27)(cid:5)I
defendtheconclusion thatadjoinedpositionsareA(cid:7)positions inKorean(cid:5)onthebasisoffacts
involving case assignment to adverbials(cid:5) binding by a nominative adjunct NP in multiple
nominative constructions(cid:5) and absence of island e(cid:10)ects in scrambling out of a scrambled
clause(cid:4)
In Ch(cid:4) (cid:22)(cid:5) I examine island e(cid:10)ects and discourse constraints on scrambling(cid:4) I argue that
islandhood of various clause types is determined by the selectional properties of the clause(cid:5)
as argued by (cid:28)Cinque (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:29) for wh(cid:7)movement(cid:4) I also argue that the relevant discourse
notion characterizing the scramblability of an element is (cid:11)presuppositionality(cid:12) as de(cid:0)ned
in (cid:28)Diesing (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:29)(cid:5) rather than (cid:11)speci(cid:0)city(cid:12) as various authors including (cid:28)Moltmann (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:29)(cid:5)
(cid:28)Mahajan (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:14)(cid:29)(cid:5) and (cid:28)En(cid:30)c (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:29) advocate(cid:4)
vi
List of Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in the glosses(cid:8)
acc(cid:8) accusative case asp(cid:8) aspect morpheme
ce(cid:8) causative ending comp(cid:8) complementizer
cop(cid:8) copula dat(cid:8) dative case
dec(cid:8) declarative marker dir(cid:8) directional
gen(cid:8) genitive case inst(cid:8) instrumental
loc(cid:8) locative mod(cid:8) modifying su(cid:17)x
nmz(cid:8) nominalizer nom(cid:8) nominative case
pass(cid:8) passive morpheme perf(cid:8) perfect aspect
pres(cid:8) present tense prog(cid:8) progressive aspect
pst(cid:8) past tense qm(cid:8) question marker
rel(cid:8) relativizer pl(cid:8) plural marker
top(cid:8) topic marker uq(cid:8) universal quanti(cid:0)er
vstem(cid:8) verb stem
vii