Table Of Content

T H E D E F I N I T I V E V I S U A L G U I D E science 0U0S1__0H0a1l_f_Htiatllef_.itnitdled. in d1d 1 1116//56//0099 1115::0278::2140 0U0S2_-000023-_0T0it3le_.Tinitdled. in d2d 2 186//56//0099 1168::0182::2076 science ADAM HART-DAVIS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF T H E D E F I N I T I V E V I S U A L G U I D E 0U0S2_-000023-_0T0it3le_.Tinitdled. in d3d 3 186//56//0099 1168::0489::5246 LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI Senior Art Editors Senior Editors First American Edition, 2009 Stephen Knowlden, Vicky Short Janet Mohun, Kathryn Wilkinson Published in the United States by Section Designers Section Editors DK Publishing Vivienne Brar, Paul Drislane, Mandy Earey, Ann Baggaley, Kim Dennis-Bryan, 375 Hudson Street Clare Joyce, Mark Lloyd, Heather McCarry, Jemima Dunne, Martha Evatt, New York, New York 10014 Matthew Robbins, Alison Shackleton Nicola Hodgson, Neil Lockley, Martyn Page 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Designers Keith Davis, Supriya Sahai, Silke Spingies Editors [ID042—October 2009] Katie John, Patrick Newman, Anna Osborn, Illustration Visualizer Frank Ritter, Nikki Sims, Sarah Tomley, Copyright © 2009 Dorling Kindersley Limited Peter Laws Angela Wilkes All rights reserved Jacket Designer US Editor Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of Duncan Turner Jane Perlmutter this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means Production Controller Production Editors (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), Sophie Argyris Phil Sergeant, Marc Staples without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. Picture Researchers Associate Publisher Ria Jones, Sarah Smithies, Louise Thomas Liz Wheeler Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited Managing Art Editor Managing Editor A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Louise Dick Julie Oughton ISBN: 978-0-7566-5570-9 Art Director Publisher Bryn Walls Jonathan Metcalf DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected]. Illustrators Oliver Burston and Jurgen Ziewe at www.debutart.com Tom Coulson and Martin Darlison at Encompass Graphics Ltd. Printed and bound in China by Leo Paper Products Ltd. Adam Howard and Andy Kay at Invisiblecities Tim Loughhead Darren Awuah Thomas Bayley, Robin Carter, Tom Connell, Barry Croucher, Discover more at Stuart Jackson Carter, Terry Pastor, and Mick Posen at The Art Agency www.dk.com 0(cid:56)0(cid:54)4(cid:66)-(cid:19)0(cid:19)0(cid:23)5(cid:16)_(cid:19)C(cid:19)o(cid:24)n(cid:66)t(cid:38)rib(cid:82)u(cid:81)t(cid:87)e(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:69)rs(cid:88)_(cid:87)d(cid:72).(cid:85)i(cid:86)n(cid:17)d(cid:76)(cid:81)d(cid:71) (cid:71) (cid:3)4(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:23) 1(cid:19)1(cid:22)/(cid:18)5(cid:19)/(cid:26)0(cid:18)9(cid:21) (cid:19) (cid:19) 1(cid:28)5(cid:3)(cid:3):(cid:3)1(cid:20)8(cid:20):(cid:29)2(cid:22)4(cid:28) Editor-in-Chief Adam Hart-Davis Adam Hart-Davis is a writer, broadcaster, and photographer, and one of the world’s most popular and respected “explainers” of science. His TV work includes What the Romans, Victorians, Tudors and Stuarts, and Ancients Did For Us, Tomorrow’s World, Science Shack, The Cosmos: A Beginner’s Guide, and Just Another Day. He is the author of more than 25 books on science, invention, and history. Main Consultants John Gribbin Jeremy Cherfas Marty Jopson David Bradley Physics Biology Biology Chemistry Popular science writer, astrophysicist, and Writer and broadcaster in biological subjects, Science communicator and TV broadcaster, Science writer and editorial consultant, Visiting Fellow in Astronomy at the University with a PhD in animal behavior. with a PhD in plant cell biology. chartered chemist and member of the Royal of Sussex, UK. Society of Chemistry, UK. Douglas Palmer Iain Nicolson Barry Lewis Earth Sciences Astronomy and Space Math Technology Science writer and lecturer for the University Formerly Director of Maths Year 2000 and of Cambridge Institute of Continuing Formerly Principal Lecturer in Astronomy at now President of the Mathematical Education, UK, specializing in earth science the University of Hertfordshire, UK; writer, Association, UK. and paleontology. lecturer, and occasional broadcaster on astronomy and space science. Contributors David Burnie Biology and Medicine David Hughes Astronomy Other contributions Ann Baggaley, Hayley Jack Challoner Physics Giles Sparrow Physics and Space Birch, John Farndon, Andrew Impey, Jane Robert Dinwiddie Earth Sciences and Technology McIntosh, Sally Regan, Frank Ritter, Mark Physics Carole Stott Astronomy Steer, Amber Tokeley, Martin Toseland, James Derek Harvey Biology and Chemistry Marcus Weeks Math and Technology Urquhart, Diana Vowles. 0U0S4_-000045-_0C0o5n_tCribountteribrsu_tde.risn.dindd d 5 5 1116//56//0099 1157::1091::1147 1 2 Contents Greek Mathematics and Geometry 34 (cid:116) ARISTOTLE 36 Ancient Ideas of the World 38 Simple Machines 40 THE DAWN OF RENAISSANCE & How Gears Work 42 (cid:116) SCIENCE ”EUREKA!” 44 ENLIGHTENMENT PREHISTORY TO 1500 12 FAllogaetbinrag and Sinking 4468 1 500–1700 64 Water and Wind Power 50 Introduction and Timeline 66 Introduction and Timeline 14 Alchemy 52 Birth of Experimental (cid:116) Science 68 Fire Power 16 ZHANG HENG 54 Renaissance Medicine Early Metalworkers 18 Gunpowder and and Surgery 70 Evolution of the Wheel 20 Fire Weapons 56 The Human Body Revealed 72 Elements of Life 22 The Printing Revolution 58 (cid:116) THE SUN-CENTERED (cid:116) ALHAZEN 60 UNIVERSE 74 Early Medicine and Surgery 24 East Meets West 62 Planetary Motion 76 The First Astronomers 26 Magnetic Fields 80 (cid:116) Ancient Number Systems 30 GALILEO GALILEI 82 (cid:116) PYTHAGORAS 32 Exploring the Skies 84 0U0S6_–000069–_0C0o9n_tCeonntst_ecn.tisn_dcd_ u 6pdated.indd 6 1146//56//0099 1158::0191::0540 3 (cid:116) Motion, Inertia, and Friction 86 JOSEPH BLACK 148 The Fossil Record 186 (cid:116) Methods of Calculating 88 Organic Chemistry 150 FINDING Circulation of the Blood 90 Plant Life Cycles 152 ARCHAEOPTERYX 188 (cid:116) ROBERT HOOKE 92 How Plants Work 154 Dating the Earth 190 (cid:116) Shaping the Landscape 192 Microscopic Life 94 THE FIRST Discovery of the Vacuum 96 THE INDUSTRIAL VACCINATION 156 Probability and Statistics 196 (cid:116) (cid:116) ROBERT BOYLE 98 REVOLUTION S(cid:116)tatic Electricity 158 DARWIN’S THEORY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 160 OF EVOLUTION 198 The Behavior of Gases 100 (cid:116) 1700–1890 THE FIRST BATTERY 162 How Evolution Works 200 Graphs and Coordinates 102 124 (cid:116) Electric Current 164 CHARLES DARWIN 202 Newton’s Laws of Motion 104 (cid:116) Introduction and Timeline 126 Electromagnetism 166 Laws of Inheritance 204 NEWTON’S IDEA OF (cid:116) GRAVITY 106 THE NEWCOMEN The Electric Motor 168 Atmospheric Movement 206 ENGINE 130 (cid:116) Gravitational Force 108 MICHAEL FARADAY 170 Predicting the Weather 208 (cid:116) ISAAC NEWTON 110 SStteeaamm PEnogwienre to 132 Accurate Measurement 172 Structure of Speed and Velocity 112 (cid:116) HARRISON’S Calculating and the Atmosphere 210 The Nature of Light 114 CHRONOMETER 134 Computing 174 Studying the Oceans 212 Navigating the Oceans 136 Energy Conversion 176 Animal and Plant Cells 214 Splitting and Bending Light 116 The Nature of Matter 138 The Nature of Heat 178 Digestion 216 Laws of Thermodynamics 180 Comets and Meteors 118 States of Matter 140 Food and Health 218 Measuring Time 120 Liquids under Pressure 144 The Solar System 182 The Nervous System 220 Classification of Species 122 The Discovery of Gases 146 How Rocks Form 184 The Brain 222 0(cid:56)0(cid:54)6(cid:66)–(cid:19)0(cid:19)0(cid:25)9(cid:178)_(cid:19)C(cid:19)o(cid:28)n(cid:66)t(cid:38)e(cid:82)n(cid:81)ts(cid:87)_(cid:72)c(cid:81).(cid:87)i(cid:86)n(cid:66)d(cid:70)d(cid:66) (cid:88) 7(cid:83)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:17)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:26) 1(cid:19)4(cid:22)/(cid:18)5(cid:19)/(cid:26)0(cid:18)9(cid:21) (cid:19) (cid:19) 1(cid:28)5(cid:3)(cid:3):(cid:3)1(cid:20)1(cid:20):(cid:29)1(cid:22)8(cid:28)