Science of Sintering: New Directions for Materials Processing and Microstructural Control PDF
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Science of Sintering New Directions for Materials Processing and Microstructural Control Science of Sintering New Directions for Materials Processing and Microstructural Control Edited by Dragan P. U skokovic Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Yugoslavia Hayne Palmour III North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina and Richard M. Spriggs Alfred University Alfred, New York Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Catalog1ng-1n-Pub11cat1on Data World Round Table Conference on Sintering <7th , 1989 Herceg-Novi, Montenegro> Science of sintering , new direct1ons for materials processing and microstructural control I edited by Dragan P. Uskokovic, Hayne Palmour III, and Richard M. Spriggs. p. em. "Proceedings of the Seventh Round Table Conference on Sintering, held August 28-September 1, 1989, in Herceg-Novi, Yugoslav1a"--Verso t.p. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4899-0935-0 ISBN 978-1-4899-0933-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0933-6 1. Sintering--Congresses. I. Uskokovic, Dragan P., 1944- II. Palmour, Hayne. III. Spriggs, Richard M. IV. Title. TN695.W67 1989 671.3'73--dc20 90-35888 CIP Proceedings of the Seventh Round Table Conference on Sintering, held August 28-September 1, 1989, in Herceg-Novi, Yugoslavia © 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1989 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher TO GEORGE C. KUCZYNSKI Sintering was a secret-not a science-before Dr. George C. Kuczynski developed the first laws and theory of sintering in 1949. We knew that sintering occurred, but we did not know how and why particles coalesced. Kuczynski's model provided the foundation for a scientific exploration of the sintering process. While searching to process tungsten to build a better light bulb, Kuczynski's understanding of sintering shrinkage by volume diffusion and related grain growth processes occurred in the post-war laboratories of Sylvania Electric Co., Inc. As he was working with very pure copper crystals-a gift from his boss to encourage Kuczynski to pursue the secret of sintering-Kuczynski noticed something extraordinary in the commonplace occurrence when he heated the atomized copper in a copper crucible. He examined the phenomenon more closely and heeded, he says, the advice of an oriental philosopher: "In science, you have to listen to the gentle mur murs of nature." Kuczynski listened. He measured the neck that had formed with the par ticles as a function of time to give us the first laws of sintering on which so much subsequent work has depended. Kuczynski's broad classical education from his native Poland, his training in mathematics and physics, and his keen mind enabled him to cut through the complex to simple, clear, unam biguous truth. His publications, research and sintering conferences have en couraged new ideas and provided the scientific paradigm that has fostered pursuit of new theories and new understanding of sintering by other scien tists and engineers. His work shed the first light on the path that has ultimately led us to grapple with the highest technology of sintered materials. To Dr. George C. Kuczynski, we dedicate these published proceedings of the Seventh World Round Table Conference on Sintering with gratitude for his accomplishments that have made possible our own. PREFACE This volume, SCIENCE OF SINTERING: NEW DIRECTIONS FOR MATERIALS PROCESSING AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CONTROL, contains the edited Proceedings of the Seventh World Round Table Conference on Sintering, held in Herceg-Novi, Yugoslavia, Aug. 28 - Sept. 1, 1989. It was organized by the International Institute for the Science of Sintering (IISS), headquartered in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Every fourth year since 1969, the Institute has organized such a Round Table Conference on Sintering; each has taken place at some selected location within Yugoslavia. A separate series of IISS Topical Sintering Symposia (Summer Schools) have also been held at four year intervals, but they have been offset by about two years, so they occur between the main Conferences. As a rule, the Topical Sintering Symposia have been devoted to more specific topics and they also take place in different countries. The aim of these Conferences and their related "Summer Schools" has been to bring together scientists from all over the world who work in various fields of science and technology concerned with sintering and sintered materials. A total of seven IISS Conferences have been held over the period 1969-1989, and they have been supplemented by the four Topical Sintering Symposia held in Yugoslavia, Poland, India and Japan (in 1975, 1979, 1983 and 1987, respectively). This most recent five day Conference addressed the fundamental scientific background as well as the technological state-of-the-art pertinent to science of sintering and high technology sintered materials. It encompassed many problems - and solutions - that are relevant to a wide variety of scientific concerns and industrial applications. In the editors' opinion, this Conference could best be characterized by (1) the high level and broad scope of the papers presented, and (2) the many nations (more than 20) that were represented by their respective authors. It is also interesting to reflect upon some of the effects that are attributable to the cumulative influences of this whole series of Round Table Conferences on Sintering. Progression in the number counts alone have been impressive: this, for example, was by far the largest in total numbers, and in the numbers of nations from which participants have been drawn. The overall scientific quality and the real world relevance of the materials being presented and the issues being discussed have also shown steady improvement from meeting to meeting. In our opinion, in this most recent Conference, the interplay existing between quality, relevance and effective communication has been especially fruitful. vii Nowhere has this kind of cumulative effect been more visible than in the markedly increased participation evidenced by Yugoslavia's own authors. In this most recent Conference, for example, there were more significant papers by such authors, representing more well established Yugoslav laboratories, than ever before. Nurtured in part through their own hard work and in part through the insights, experiences and exposures gained through their attendance at preceding Round Table Conferences, it is evident that, collectively, this contingent of Yugoslav sinterers was well prepared to present important scientific results spanning a broad spectrum of relevant sintering issues. Fifty-seven papers presented at the Conference were selected by the editors for inclusion in this volume. Because of the significance of their scientific contributions, two invited papers have also been included even though, regrettably, it had not been possible to have them presented at the Conference by their respective authors (G. S. Upadhyaya and R. Pruemmer). Other papers presented at the Conference will be published by the International Institute for the Science of Sintering in its journal, "Science of Sintering". Thematically, they are presented in the eleven sections which comprise this book: (1) fundamentals of sintering, (2) controlled preparation of ceramic powders, (3) preparation and sintering of metallic powders, (4) sintering of multiphase systems, (5) pressure sintering, (6) rate controlled sintering, (7) microstructure control, (8) metals and composite processing, (9) sintering of oxide ceramics, (10) high temperature superconductors, and (11) non-oxide ceramics. The list of Contributors formally acknowledges the considerable cooperation and assistance rendered to the General Secretary of the International Institute for the Science of Sintering, Academician Momcilo M. Ristic, and the President of the Organizing Committee, Professor Dragan Uskokovic, by (1) a distinguished International Program Committee, (2) the several Session Chairmen, as well as (3) the creative efforts of 129 distinguished contributing authors representing many of the world's centers for sintering research. We extend our personal thanks to all of them for their cooperative attitudes, timely responses and many helpful suggestions which have characterized all our relationship with them. On behalf of the participants and the whole sintering community we wish at this point to express our gratitude to the patron of the International Institute for the Science of Sintering, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, as well as to the Yugoslav Committee for Electronics, Telecommunication, Automation and Nuclear Technology, the Serbian Society for Powder Metallurgy, the Institute of Technical Sciences of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and the Center for Multidisciplinary Studies of Belgrade University for their support in the organization of the Conference. Special thanks are due to Dr. Branko Kostic, President of the Republic of Mentenegro and Academician Dusan Kanazir, President of the Serbian Academy of Sciencep and Arts, who welcomed attendees to the Conference. We also note with gratitude the considerable financial support for the Conference organization provided by the Principal Sponsor "PRVI PARTIZAN" (Titovo UZice), the Republic Council for Science,as well as other Yugoslav sponsors. We are grateful to the U.S. sponsor, the American Ceramic Society and we would like to emphasize the significance of the financial support for travel provided by the AFOSR which enabled the participation of U.S. scientists. viii We wish to acknowledge our very special personal thanks to a modest group of persons who worked with dedication but largely behind the scenes: to Milivoj Jelacic for coordinating our Conference; to Mirjana Kosanovic and the Department of International and Technical Relations for their secretarial assistance in preparing of materials before, during and after the Conference; to Aleksandar Kosanovic and Dragan Tasic for serving as projectionists andproviding other technical service; to Drs Stamenka M. Radic and Visnjica Vukcevic for translation services; to Taisa Agaljcev, Miroslava Jankovic, Cveta Jaksic and Kiril Svinjarski for simultaneous translations during the Conference. We pay special tribute to Mirjana Stojanovic for her special skills and experience in typing and/or revising the edited Proceedings. It is also our pleasent duty to thank all our young collaborators: Rada Novakovic, Olivera Milosevic, Jelena Dumic, Petar Kostic, Cedomir Jovalekic and Ratomir Agatonovic, who helped in performing various tasks during the Conference and in the preparation of these proceedings. Last but not least, it is appropriate to acknowledge with real affection the patience, tolerance and moral support we have been accorded by our colleagues and our families through those extended periods of time we have had to pay attention to the organizing of this Conference and the editing of these Proceedings. Belgrade Dragan P. Uskokovic November 1989 Hayne Palmour III and Richard M. Spriggs CONTENTS Part I. FUNDAMENTALS OF SINTERING SINTERING OF CERAMICS 3 C.A. Handwerker, J.E. Blendell and R.L. Coble THE MAIN TRENDS IN STUDY AND QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE SINTERING PROCESSES 39 V.V. Skorohod STEREOLOGICAL THEORY OF SINTERING 55 R.T. DeHoff A STEREOLOGY-BASED EQUATION FOR ISOTROPIC SHRINKAGE DURING SINTERING BY VISCOUS FLOW 73 H.E. Exner and E.A. Giess A NEW MODEL FOR INITIAL SINTERING OF OXIDE POWDERS UNDER CONTROLLED GASEOUS ATMOSPHERE 83 M. Pijolat and M. Soustelle MECHANISM OF ANISOTROPIC DIMENSIONAL CHANGES DURING SINTERING OF METAL POWDER COMPACT 91 H. Kuroki and M. Hiraishi Part II. CONTROLLED PREPARATION OF CERAMIC POWDERS PREPARATION OF WELL DEFINED CERAMIC POWDERS 101 E. Matijevic PROGRESS IN PREPARATION OF ZnO BASED VARISTOR CERAMICS 117 0. Milosevic, D. Vasovic, D. Poleti, Lj. Karanovic, v. Petrovic and D. Uskokovic CHEMICAL PREPARATION OF ALUMINA-ZIRCONIA POWDERS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE SINTERING AND PARTICULATE COMPOSITES 127 J.L. Rehspringer, S. Dick and M. Daire EVOLUTION OF MULLITE FROM A SOLGEL PRECURSOR 135 G. Klassen, J. Laughner and G. Fischman THE ROLE OF POWDER CALCINATION CONDITIONS IN THE SINTERING BEHAVIOUR OF CALCINED Zr02 POWDERS 141 T. Kosmac, D. Kolar, V. Krasevec and R. Gopalakrishnan xi SURFACE EFFECT OF MgO ADDITION ON GAMMA Al203 SINTERING 149 J. Katanic-Popovic and Lj. Kostic-Gvozdenovic Part III. PREPARATION AND SINTERING OF METALLIC POWDERS PRINCIPLES OF ATOMIZATION 157 W.A. Kaysser and K. Rzesnitzek DISPERSION HARDENING OF A RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED COPPER BASED MATRIX 177 D. Bozic and M. Mitkov PROBLEM OF SINTERING METALLIC ULTRAFINE POWDERS 185 L.I. Trusov, V.N. Lapovok and V.I. Novikov SINTERING OF COPPER ULTRAFINE POWDERS 193 Y. Sakka, T. Uchikoshi and E. Ozawa SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MIXED AND THE COMPOSITE Ni-TiN ULTRAFINE PARTICLES 203 Y. Sakka, S. Ohno, H. Okuyama and M. Ozawa Part IV. SINTERING OF MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS PHASE STABILITY AND SINTERING OF MULTIPHASE ALLOY SYSTEMS 215 G.S. Upadhyaya SOLID STATE SINTERING OF TWO COMPONENT SYSTEMS WITH SOLUBILITY 227 W. Schatt and Ch. Sauer PROGNOSIS OF SINTERING OF SYSTEM W-Ni IN THE PRESENCE OF LIQUID PHASE 235 z.s. Nikolic, R.M. Spriggs and M.M. Ristic INFLUENCE OF SINTERING AND TERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF W-Ni-Fe ALLOYS 243 M. Mitkov and W.A. Kaysser REMOVAL OF Ni-ACTIVATOR FROM THE ACTIVATED SINTERED W-COMPACT BY HIGH VACUUM TREATMENT 255 I.-H. Moon, Y.-H. Kim and M.-J. Suk Part V. PRESSURE SINTERING EXPLOSIVE COMPACTION OF POWDERS: PRINCIPLE AND PROSPECTS 267 R. Prummer THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH PRESSURE SINTERING 279 P.S. Kisly DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF AMORPHOUS Ni78P22 285 B. Mihelic, B. Serbedzija, v. Petrovic, M. v. susie and D. Uskokovic
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