Science and Technology of the Undercooled Melt: Rapid Solidification Materials and Technologies PDF
Preview Science and Technology of the Undercooled Melt: Rapid Solidification Materials and Technologies
Science and Technology of the Undercooled Melt NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston 0 Behavioural and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Social Sciences DordrechUBoston/Lancaster E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin/Heidelberg/New York G Ecological Sciences Series E: Applied Sciences - No. 114 Science and Technology of the Undercooled Melt Rapid Solidification Materials and Technologies edited by P.R. Sahm Foundry-Institute Aachen Institute of Technology Aachen Federal Republic of Germany H. Jones Department of Metallurgy University of Sheffield Sheffield UK C.M. Adam Materials Laboratory Allied Corporation Morristown, New Jersey USA 1986 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Dordrecht I Boston I Lancaster Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Rapid Solidification Technologies: Science and Technology of the Undercooled Melt", Theuern, Federal Republic of Germany, March 18-22, 1985 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Rapid Solidification Technologies: Science and Technology of the Under cooled Melt" (1985 : Theuern, Germany) Science and technology of the undercooled melt. (NATO ASI series. Series E: Applied sciences ; no. 114) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Rapid Solidification Technologies: Science and Technology of the Undercooled Melt", Theuern, Federal Republic of Germany, March 18-22, 1985"-- Includes index. 1. Metals--Rapid solidification processing- Congresses. 1. Sahm, P. R. II. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. III. Title. IV. Series: NATO ASI series. Series E, Applied sciences v. 114. TS247.N37 1985 671.3 86-14173 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8483-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-4456-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-4456-5 Distributors for the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Assinippi Park, Norwell, MA 02061, USA Distributors for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Ltd, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LA1 1RN, UK Distributors for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands Copyright © 1986 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 v TABLE OF (x)NI'ENTS PREFACE VII A. INVI'IED PAPERS AND SUMMARIZED DISCUSSIONS Fundamentals of Rapid Solidification 3 B. CAN'IOR Role of Nucleation in Rapid Solidification 29 J. H. PEREPEZKO Thermodynamics in Rapid Solidification 53 B. PREDEL Formation and Stability of Metallic Glasses 73 R.W. CAHN Microstructure Formation in Rapidly Solidified Alloys 81 W.J. BOETI'INGER and S.R. CORIELL Magnetic and Superconducting Materials 110 J. DURAND Rapid Solidification by Laser Beam Techniques 112 G. SEPOLD and R. BECKER Cbntinuous Products in Rapid Solidification 121 L. KATGERMAN The Cbmpaction of Rapidly Solidified Materials 137 H. FISCHMEISTER and E. ARZT Production and Characterization of Rapidly-Solidified Particulates 156 H. JONES Rapid Solidification Technology: The Potential for Innovative Alloy 186 Properties C.M. ADAM Engineering Properties and Applications of Rapidly Solidified 210 Materials N.J. GRANT B. POSTER CCNIRIBUTIONS Thermodynamic Aspects of Glass Formation in Ni-Zr Alloys 233 N. CLAVAGJERA VI Thermodynamics of Chemical ordering and Glass-Transition in Liquid 236 Mg-Sn Alloys 0 B. JONSSON and J. AGREN Structural Criteria for Glass Forming Ability: Application to 237 Aluminium-Based Alloys J .M. DUBOIS, G. LE CAER and K. DEHGHAN Effect of the Cooling Rate on the As-Cast Fraction Crystallized 240 W. HUG and P.R. SAHM Solidification of Amorphous Pd77,SSi16,SCU6 in a Drop Tube 243 L. KALLIEN and P.R. SAHM The Formation Kinetics of PdCUSi-and PdNiP-Metallic Glasses 246 C.S. KIMINAMI and P.R. SAHM Crystallization Behaviour of Ni-Nb Amorphous Alloys: Comparison of calorimetric Results and Homogeneous Nucleation - Growth Modelling 249 F. MORET and S. PAIDASSI Nucleat!on and Crystallization Kinetics in GeseZ - SbZTe3 Systems 252 S. SURINACH, M.D. BARO and M.T. CLAVAGUERA-MORA Direct Thermal Measurement of Adiabatic Dendritic Coarsening 254 M.E. GLICKSMAN Microstructure of Melt-Spun AI-Mo Alloys 257 E.A. GUEST, J.N. PRATI' and M.H. LORETI'O Microstructure of Partially Crystalline Metallic Glasses 258 U. KOSTER Theory of Microstructural Development during Rapid Solidification 260 R. TRIVEDI and W. KURZ RS Aluminium - Processing and Evaluation 268 M.J. COUPER and R.F. SINGER Computer Controlled Pyrometric Measurement of the Cooling Rate during Mel t Spinning 270 G. FROMMEYER and E. VOGT The Optimization of Amorphous Materials for Tbroidal Transformer Cores 276 K. MAKELA, T. TIAINEN and P. KETI'UNEN C. CONCLUDING STATEMENT General Observations and Impressions 283 M.E. GLICKSMAN Subject Index 285 VII PREFACE "SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF '!HE UNDER<X>OLED MELT" This title was chosen as the topical headline of the Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) from March 17 to 22 1985, held at the Castle of Theuern. The usual term "Rapid Solidification" is an overlapping description. Due to the fact that nucleation is so eminently important for the undercooling of a melt and this, in turn, is an important characteristic of rapid solidifi cation, undercooling plays an essential role in "rapid solidification." The undercooled melt has caused an "accelerated evolution" (if not a revolution) in materials science during the last decade. Several rather exciting concepts with interesting potential for novel applications are being pursued presently in various laboratories and companies. They concern not only new processes and ha~ware developments, but also present chal lenging perspectives for ventures, including the founding of new companies; or they promise growth possibilities with established larger and smaller industrial establishments. The special challenge in the science and technology of the undercooled melt lies in the fact that a very close coupling between fundamental re search and pilot plant process development is not only possible but appears to be a "conditio sine qua non" here for effective science-teChnology transfer such as, for example, in controlled melt spinning processes, melt particularization, or surface remelting techniques all of which were dealt with during the workshop. Both materials scientists and engineers are challenged equally in an attempt to provide, first the post-industrial societies and then, following closely, the industrialising nations with more energy and new materials-effective processes and technologies. This interdisciplinary requirement was, in fact, reflected by both the invited papers presented and extensively discussed, see Table 1, as well as the posters displayed throughout the duration of the workshop. It indicates that basic thermodynamics of phase changes, solidification kinetics, cry stallography and physical metallurgy of microstructure, experimental phy sics providing the necessary measurement, electronics and monitoring de vices, to name but the most essential ones, are prerequisites for mastering the posed challenges. These proceedings may thus serve to introduce scientists and engineers to the field of the science and the technology of the under cooled melt, i.e. "rapid solidification" as an overview of the current status of the field and to a limited extent serving simultaneously also as a text-book of sorts, be they already specialized or in the state of becoming acquainted with the underlying issues. The ARW was sponsored by the NATO Scientific Affairs Division. In an attempt to find a suitable secluded place for conducting an intensive workshop and simultaneously realize part of the goals expressed above, e.g. stimulate thinking or even activities into new realms of endeavor, it was possible to gain some moral and material support from local industry (Linn Elektronik GmbH) and government (Landkreis Amberg-Sulzbach). They not only met some of the expenses but also took delight in offering a recreational VIII program, Table 2, including a reception by the district governor Dr. H. Wagner. '!he local newspaper reported the events at the castle, Figure 1, at sane length even reflecting in detail on the involved technical signifi cance of the subject, Figure 2. Dr. H. Wolf, the museun director led a tour through the ~seum for Mining am Industry attached to the Castle of '!heuern, Figure 1, am parti cipants visited the last umerground iron ore mine operated in Germany "Leoni" am the steel works "MaxDitte". '!he region's highlights were thus displayed to the workshop participants. The workshop participants came from 12 European countries am the United States of America, as shown in the listing of participants. Naturally, many German scientists and engineers used the chance to acquaint themselves with the potentials presently opened by "rapid solidification". September 1985 P.R. Sahm, H. Jones RAPID SOlIDIFICATION TEClNIlOGIES: SCIENCE NIl TECIItOlOGY OF THE 1lNDERC000ED MELT ADVANCED RESEARCH WORKSHOP under the ausnices of the NATO Scientific Affairs Division Monday 18-'-85 Tu.sday 19-'-85 Wednesday 20-'-85 Thursday 21-'-85 rrlday 22-'-85 loplcal Theile: Topical Theil!!: Topical ThP.llt: Topical ftM!llll!: Rapid SolidUlcatlon, 1)1_ Microcrystalline and Me- Rapid Solidification Properties and Applica dercooling. Nucleation. test.ble Phases Incl. Technologies tions for RSM (T). IlIIplct Thel"llOdyn_lc5 and klne- Glasses: TherllOdyn_lcs on Materials TeChnolcg),. tics. and Physlell Metiliurgy "StrategiC Materials". Nation .. ' Ec~ics starting 8.30 starling 8.30 keynote lectures: keynote lectures; Keynote lectures: Keynote lectures: _ 8. Cantor: Fundallelttals -".J.8oettlnger: Mlcro- _ J. Durand: Magnetic and • H. Jones: Particulate SUperconducting Mate- Rapid SOlidification In Rapid Solldlflc.tlon structure FonaaUon In Rapidly SOlidifying rials _ J.II.PP.repelko: Role Materials _ G. Sepold: Surhce . C.M. 1Id_: The Poten· or Nucleation In RI- Modification by Rapid tlal of lSI for Con- pld Solidification -H.J. GOntherodt: Elec- SOlldlflc.tlon tlnuous SOlidification tronlc stn..:ture In Products - B. Predel: lbel1lOdyna Rapid Solidification _ l. tatgerun: Conti- nuous Products In RI- -N.J. Grant: Engineering _Ies In Rapid Solidifi cation pld SOlidification Properties and ~pll cattons of Rapid), Soli _ R.W. Cahn: Fonnatlon -H. Fisctwnelster: CaI dified Milterlals Starting 16.00 aRnadp idP hSasoel iSdtiafibcialittioyn In pSaocltiidoinf ieodf RMaaptiedrliya lS clOSing 16.00 welcOIIlng Party Poster Session March 18 - 22, 1985; Castle of Theuern, (Bergbau- und IndustrlemuselJ11 Ostbayern), Portner straBe I, D 8451 Theuern (FRG), Tel. 09624 - 832 Table 1: A mul tiplici ty of scientific and engineering disciplines as provided by the keynote lectures was to initiate an in-depth and extensive discussion of the particular topics. IX RAPID SOLIDIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE UNDERCOOLED HELT ADVANCED RESEARCH WORKSHOP under the auspices of the NATO Scientific Affairs Division Monday 18-3-85 Tuesday 19-3-85 Wednesday 20-3 Thursday 21-3-85 friday 22-3-85 -9 10 -------------- 10 a' -------------- a)O -------------- ~ p.p., •• 1: ~ p.plt •• 5: ~ p.per •• 7: - P'P" •• 9; -o o I. , .. I" 10 ".J. Io.tllnglt ~ J. turud ..£. •. 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Pr' Pls",I I .••. 11s1h: r r1-8 work silO, -9 t .. r th ... ,. till 19 -------------- -9- .1;.9.;. ------------.- -r1-9- -o ".usl tlhlt'r,l d••ll u,hu, b~o ·bI, utailrl l 1..1 s"t"rlp,tt t •• - 0 ..Q r~-o- ,uters ~ GIVU.or .. till - ~1 p,ut". ~1 21 ~1 March 18 - 22, 1985 Castle of Iheuern, (Bergbau- und Induslriemuseum Ostbayern), PortnerstraBe 1, 0-8451 Theuern (fRG), lei. 09624 - 832 Table 2: The course of the workshop was supported by recreational activities which included several features ranging from guided tours through the castle's museum and local industries plants to a reception offered by the local governor_ Figure 1: The Castle of Theuern Bergbau- und Indu striemuseum Ostbay ern, PortnerstraBe 1 Telefon: (09624) 832 8452 Theuern (Land kreis Amberg - Sulz bach). x "Eine weltweite Umwalzung steht bevor" Professor Sahm spricht von MlIIiardenumsiitzen - Tagu~g In Theuem von der NATO unterstiitzt VaratIl!!Uunf_-Als lc.onlcr.tnEr,ll!!bnisd" Brain. 'torrn.in,,J tf"Wlirtet Mhm. daO von 100 VOt. IChli,ll!!n 101M Ka~ptt-n IClilie8Uch uhn Ut. sidilleh. ruU.aH.rt unci lM\a' We.. .uJr.ti,ll!n kanl'MR. o.a dle NATO SC'~ntUk AfTa.i.s Division In Bl"\ls.Ml d)eMa Tn!lTlI!!n dc-r WlJRnlChal\Jt:r In ThlNlI!m durc:h Rna.n&MUe Untersull.%Un. ef. mCScJ.k:ht hat. wht der Ta.rur\l$J,elwr aJs ..I v Ole renommte114'n WIIJMn.te.NlUtr wolle.n bri JIO'ltiV an. .. 0. die NATO"', sa.,tll!! Sahm. .in dieHf dUl"th 4a.e NATO ,"",o.llcht.en T-.uft.l punc:to Themauk und Zu.samrMnMuu.nc der jedoch nicht nur .utholen: 1m IdecnaultauKh TeiJ.nehmer it.titItrt"i Vor,abt-n lemacht!\lt, se-.. wU'd atiCk Dbet d~ M:~I1khJtrit nach.edKht. he Itch d.ttin aUc:"'h ew M~hJttoit. deren Cet. du.n:.b d~ VubRnnun, Yon Wuwn\Otr elM de:r nlt fhKlkM FOl'1ChunfRW'«ke N nutzen. kMaUlnll.!.! . v.0o.r....u i.rmt .UUlturbde~renl EJ .nneOfC'('lhe (eotrnme 1u'Ut tonptiwx'hke. wIn, ed iMHleumio nS.i-nn. tf1U.IlA!n WLr vieUtkht IOpt MIl SlnJe_ _b utt1.e.a..w. Draht ftf'JVt.1iII'-PnL Dr. htu S .... bt:1 • .a• . , ... lKka Ako4,-l..ndnl dDur. TH&aluV Wq .la.o. T.-hre{lrletel'1hlll.alt ,.. .. PriIUlJldau tHb.a.I..tcha HnoenulC" 'f'CraDt. ..... tkM.a.d.M-.udl! TBibldu..:l UIfl "Creme .de la creme" in der Oberpfalz . Theuem: Expert.n ala Europa unci Obe ...... noden Obet.unleJtdjhlte Schmelz8 1m d.ktromacnrt1tcbe:n re.t.! tret tchwcbend sc:hocltarlie elnl.n-orwll werden Ic&M. Wu dJt, Wiuens.chaftru unLer .. JCIuM.Uer EntarNnf'" VffIIoIhen, karLn lAJt:n ftW' fttblOffen; def Ober. 1.11'1. elntr Sch.meUe von der ttOulpn I", I'U. . tefl4i PhaM t'rlot,t hWr binMn ..i neT MilUomltl Stkunde.. Rei d.ie.se1' ICbMUm Erswrunr _ lie Itt .In K.upttM.1II.I. clu 1b.uifmlff TalW'I _ kanne:n Mt-taUe. cSi.e no~M (einknl1al. lin rut werden., SI.ru.ktunm atWtcA. cU. duwa vonC"'enl:lp~ sGUL'i1DhelIel.ne n, iNdLi m. AUlWirIt'uD.l~ d5e1iU' hochkom~n MItA!M kor IM'U..n £rstarruneJt«l\nolope lind bedeuuam: -[wItnU 1to0. lI.'ntel.\ i' Idlufnr d;vl ulkies tworirted- ntt. lw m~a rI.WUcnh .B eeillnl)fIkeMJ M1lc \u&.nIkd nb. uEnl.. lt1\JC~n :tLI pben. dl. IOnst nur bei hoch,. .... trn,nn. tN~n Mattrf&l. vorhandtn. sind. Im 84fttr.h dIf'I' Pulvtnnct&UW'';' IOU ItS cbnlblfr Nn.Iua Qbtor cUe fCbne.U. Enta.rNn. mO,1lc:-h Wti'dll!:n. cI..n W"rbtol'fm ei.JuUeh rwu.. Elce:J\o flCh.aftcD. AI pbm. FaehJcul.e Mhm. h.iU' cSJ. M&~t vonw., nlcht DoW btUHt W.TUtor. (II!: aut tlUoI'MIl"N WeiM benteUtn. 1O~lI!:m da. bel auch bnond.en rota.\O«~ u..c.ct inerr:iaPl m:1d .mellien w k6Mea.. . Figure 2: '!he local newspaper took interest in the ARW at '!heuern and reported in some detail on the future potential of "rapid solidification".
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