Science and technology of concrete admixtures PDF
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering: Number 59 Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures Edited by Pierre-Claude Aïtcin and Robert J Flatt Knowing is not enough: we must apply. Willing is not enough: we must do. – Goethe AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)CAMBRIDGE(cid:129)HEIDELBERG LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 80HighStreet,Sawston,Cambridge,CB223HJ,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UK Copyright©2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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ISBN:978-0-08-100693-1(print) ISBN:978-0-08-100696-2(online) BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015952093 ForinformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ Related titles AdvancesinAsphaltMaterials (ISBN978-0-08-100269-8) Acoustic Emission and Related Non-destructive Evaluation Techniques in the Fracture MechanicsofConcrete (ISBN978-1-78242-345-4) HandbookofAlkali-activatedCements,MortarsandConcretes (ISBN978-1-78242-276-1) UnderstandingtheRheologyofConcrete (ISBN978-0-85709-028-7) About the contributors A.YahiaisAssociateProfessorintheCivilEngineeringDepartmentoftheUniversité de Sherbooke. A.B. Eberhardt isa research scientist withSIKA Technology AG inZ€urich. D. Marchon isa Ph.D. studentof ProfessorR.J.Flatt at ETH Z€urich. G. Gelardi isa Ph.D. studentof ProfessorR.J.Flatt at ETH Z€urich. B. Elsener isTitularProfessorforDurabilityand Corrosion Materials intheDepart- ment of Civil, Environmental,and GeomaticEngineeringof ETH Z€urich. P.-C. Aïtcin is Professor Emeritus in the Civil Engineering Department of the Université de Sherbooke. P.-C.NkinamubanziisaresearchofficerattheNationalResearchCouncilofCanada in Ottawa. M. Palaciosis apostdoctoralresearcher ofProfessorR.J.Flatt at ETH Z€urich. R. Gagné is Full Professor in the Civil Engineering Department of the Université de Sherbrooke. R.J.FlattisFullProfessorforPhysicalChemistryofBuildingMaterialsintheDepart- ment of Civil, Environmental,and GeomaticEngineeringof ETH Z€urich. S. Mantellato is aPh.D.studentof Professor R.J. Flatt atETH Z€urich. U. Angst isa postdoctoralresearcher ofProfessor B. Elsener at ETH Z€urich. xiv Aboutthecontributors Part of the team First row from the left to the right: Sara and Saverio, Marta, Giulia and Delphine. Second row from the left to the right: Richard, Pierre-Claude, Robert and Ammar. 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Scienceandtechnologyofconcreteadmixtures EditedbyP.-C.AïtcinandR.J.Flatt Preface During the last 40years, concrete technology has made considerable progress—not duetosomespectacularimprovementinthepropertiesofmoderncements,butrather totheutilizationofveryefficientadmixtures.Forexample,inthe1970sintheUnited States and Canada, concrete structures were typically built with concretes having a maximum compressive strength of 30MPa and a slump of 100mm. Today, 80–100MPaconcreteshavingaslumpof200mmareusedtobuildthelowerportions ofthecolumnsofhigh-risebuildings(AïtcinandWilson,2015).Theseconcretesare pumpedfromthefirstfloortotheverytop(Aldred,2010,Kwonetal.,2013a,b).More- over, 40MPa self-compacting concretes are being used for the prestressed floors in these high-rise buildings (Clark, 2014). Currently, 200MPa ultra-high strength con- cretes are being used. Such achievements are the result of a massive research effort that has createda true science of concrete and a true scienceof admixtures. It is the prime objective of this book to present the current state of the art of the science and technology of concrete admixtures. It is now possible to explain not only the fundamental mechanisms of the actions of the most important admixtures, but also to design specific new admixtures to improve particular properties of both freshandhardenedconcretes.Thetimeislongpastwhendifferentindustrialbyprod- ucts were selected by trial and error as concrete admixtures. Today, most concrete admixtures are synthetic chemicals designed to act specifically on some particular property ofthe fresh or hardenedconcrete. At the end of the Second World War, the price of Portland cement was quite low becauseoilwasnotexpensive.Thus,itwascheapertoincreaseconcretecompressive strengthbyaddingmorecementtothemixratherthanusingconcreteadmixtures.This explains,atleastpartially,whytheadmixtureindustrywasforcedtousecheapindus- trial byproducts to produce andsell theiradmixtures. Today, oil is no longer cheap and the price of Portland cement has increased dra- matically.Thus,itisnowpossiblefortheadmixtureindustrytobasetheiradmixture formulationsonmoresophisticatedmoleculessynthesisedspecificallyfortheconcrete industry.Asaresult,insomesophisticatedconcreteformulations,itnowhappensthat thecostoftheadmixturesisgreaterthanthecostofthecement—asituationunbeliev- able just afew years ago. The development of a new science of admixtures has also resulted in a question- ingofcurrentacceptancestandardsforcement.Forexample,agivensuperplasticizer may perform differently from a rheological point of view with different Portland cements, although these cements comply with the same acceptance standards. xx Preface Expressions such as “cement/superplasticizer compatibility” or “robustness of cement/superplasticizer combinations” are often used to qualify these strange behav- iors. It is now evident that the current acceptance standards for cement, which were developed for concretes of low strength having high water–cement ratios (w/c), are totally inadequate to optimize the characteristics of a cement that is to be used for the production of high-performance concrete having low w/c or water–binder ratios. It is a matter of sense to revise these acceptance standards because, in too many cases, they represent a serious obstacle to the progress of concrete technology. Moreover, we are now more and more concerned by theenvironmental impact of civil engineering structures, which favors the use of low w/c concretes that require theuseofsuperplasticizers.Itiseasytoshowthatajudicioususeofconcreteadmix- turescanresultinasignificantreductionofthecarbonfootprintofconcretestructures. Insomecases,thisreductionmaybegreaterthanthatresultingfromthesubstitutionof acertainpercentageofPortlandcementclinkerbysomesupplementarycementitious material orfiller. Toillustratethispointverysimply,letussupposethattosupportagivenloadLwe decidetobuildtwounreinforcedconcretecolumns—onewitha25MPaconcreteand the other with a 75MPaconcrete, as shown inFigure 1. AsseeninFigure1,thecross-sectionalareaofthe25MPacolumnisthreetimesas large as that of the 75MPa column. Therefore, to support the same load L, it will be necessary to place three times more concrete and to use approximately three times more sand, three times as much coarse aggregate, and three times much water. L L 3A 3a A a 25 MPa 75 MPa Figure1 Comparisonofthecross-sectionareaandvolumeoftwounreinforcedconcrete columnssupportingthesameloadLbuilt,respectively,with25and75MPaconcretes.
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