Schaums Outline of Electrical Power Systems

183 Pages·2009·10.85 MB·English

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Use with these courses: (2 teen Power Systems
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SCHAUM'S OUTLINE OF

THEORY AND PROBLEMS

ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEMS

SYED A. NASAR, Ph.D.

Ponies of Mace Kinng
‘unnite of Keke

SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES
MeGRAW-HILL

NewYork San Hranieu Washington, D.C. Aachland Hogoté Carans Liston
ond Madrid Mericy City Mina Montroal New Debi
Sam Juan Singapore Sudnee Toby Toronto
SYED A. NASAR recived the PhLID. degiee é electncal enginesting
from the Univesity of California at Beakeley. tle i Provision ot
Hectical Fogizeesing at cke Caivsisty wf Kentucky. Leésinglou. He has
hbocnsnvased a1 leaching fseaich, a eonsusing ie chvtncal machines
far weer 95 years. He is he author oF 10 Schaar’ Cuttings, Flere
tuchiner ond Finvromecanies and Base Eecria! Engiescng. He is
also the autbor oF coauthor of 19 Nhe and aver IM? wedueal papers
Ard Ie the exhfor of the maaihly Elvnie Machines and Pouer Syne
Dr, Sasar veccived tee Auge Vlaieu Hard of re Romanian Acie ne tt
Science ip 1995 fos bi eomrsbtions to liveaeinachinen: Te 8 Felon
ILL and a Relew EL (Lonéon} sel isa membe of Fla Kappa Nu and
Siam 6,

ELEC riae PaneN SSF

a Th a Cs tm A a ae
bots ty eer cye ata we ne a PE

ISBN O-U?-DASTL-?

ae: Saperico fe Token

McGraw-Hill
PREFACE

This hovk i written as a suppleatent to sandard snow love toes on clare
power stems, However, cert capi. iacluckag glow ates, snergy snreee
(Chapler 1), wel inderground eabise (Chapeer 5), that are n04 comma found
inmost tots, are alse chycunend. Thue to fhe natire of tho bub, detailed
flescriptive material and the derivations of migst equations have heen omitted,
[Bas seeuls are ghvev in analytic form acd are idusesied wh oti al
cxample.

‘As prevecuibites, the resder is expected 0 be furiiar wits ae gueuils aad
clscrie machinery, eapocinlytransfonriere wid aynchroncus machines.

{re erie! hulp af Fa Milman is gratefully echnowtedged

Syd A. Nuasar

CONTENTS:

‘chapter FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC POWER S¥SIFMS
1 Eoergy sna Prmse
1 Msjoe Enorgy Sources

Cuspter 2 PUWLE SYSTEM REPRESENTATION
[2 Ample Reasince Degas
23 PovLuit Repreentvien
Bad Changeol Base
225 Sunray or IhecePhase Creat Ralatsshiss

Chapter 3 URANSMISSLONALINE PARAMICELRS 26
32 Tate Fa

Chuptcr$ TRANSMISSION-LINE CALCULATIONS x
4:1 “Tnannsion-Line Represent *
4) Mot eng Tramemicion line Pa
Aa Looe Trarsmisoa Li 30
‘A ‘The Traatission Line a6 a ToesPore Stood, a

Clap $ UNDERGROUND CABLES a
51. lets Ses ina SglCare Cle ’
£2 Geatngorestes
55, Dili Loe mt law “

(Chapter @ FAULT CALCULATIONS mM
2. Sunmecies Tans #
{2 Tapani Fake sod Semel Coveponets z

5 Seuenorlnpetiecsand Squcnce Velnouke ”
comms

GENERAL MuTHODS FOR VEFWORK CALCULATIONS “
EL SouteeTrnstnrmasons %

12 Bue advance Moe “

73. Eka Yn ”

23 the Fopmtines Mie rt

75 Hhenen of.» 1

2 Modine 10

Cups ® ROWERALOW STUDIES, m
81 Pore Flow it aSioi lenimision Line m

82. Abltnaine lone ne

£2 “The inwr low Equations us

ab Chim 508 Gnas Sic Matos 13

5, The Nowon Raph Mert aa

£6 Bus Vorogs usin Rega ns

Copter 9 POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL ve
91, Boson nerbtenaFLoad Ye 10

3 test traaton Lit ane 1

S63. Eafe Nene ia

9A. Bowst Ss sin! 1

POWER SYSTEM STARISTY Jas

10 fon Csi an Seng Eqn a

IN Faaaven Cetcon a

104 ete Chewing Angle 1

IS Alanine Sten 19

Wk Sin Step Slain 1s
Chapt 1 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION 16s
1.1 Coca of Penisne Sree tot

LZ Tate sles is

U3 Roly aye tia

Huu ee, Teor al Generate ww

Thies vs
Chapter 14

Fundamentals of Elect

Power Systems.

he seady of electne power systems ws cmmcconed wit the generation. transmission. deat,
and uelzation. at clectre powcr (Fig. 1-1). ‘The fst a thow—ehe gestation of cleetel
Pemet-viavolwes the conversion of eacegy teoin a noncloerial them Caneh ae thermal, Hydraulic, nt
Sul energy Us clea energy. This iw ppoopelate to beg Ove Wee th acess ot ener,

11 ENERGY AND POWER

Ler forge Fibs applied to 3 miss ca as ro moss the mass thiough a Foear disphvewen: Liv We
sligetinn aC F Then th: work Talons by the forte i defluel she pase £4: Url
von wy
TH the dlspleeerent is not in the dtccian of F, chow the work doce is the prodwet of the
lsphgeurent and the eomponont of me Fowe loay the bsplacenteat a
B
‘where othe angle cht # mass with Werk is mesure jomles (1). Fram (Fi). ce je
ths Serk done bg a owes af ane nevan in snaving 4 body Uhh a asance of one meter in Uke
Algetion af the fovee: 1] = Nm
ue energy of 2 Dou is as cxpuey ka le ovurk, Lnergy tue Ue saree unit 3s work, thong

soveral other unis ate mic! for dlforont forms of charpy. For ecto cnorey. the fundamen ui
ie ths wat-sccand (Ws). where

Tew ay

Wes

q 113)
ve bllomstthuure skh). From (2.3) 8 hus
Hew = 3.6.2 WP on

‘The neo mast important forn:s of mschanisal shorgy are Kinecio energy sud potential energy. A
boaly poses kinetic cncigy (RR) by virtue a iy motion, ile me yee of ans A la
belogeams), moving wu a yelucity w (ia mucers per secund), fis the kawebe eactay

KE = iMu> (in joolen us

[A Dexiy posscstos pousntial enesgy (PR) by virtve ol ils posta, Geasitilienal povental energy,
lov instangs, resus foum an object's posluon ia a gruvitiwlonal Geld. A boly of mass 20 G2

1

‘More communly. however, eovin energy # meas
YUNPAMENTALS OL MLACTRIC

wrk SYST ems jaune

Tilogtoms) at heyght (in meters) above bbe earth’ sure hus a uenittioaal PE: viven Dy
PR Mg fin joules! fa)

whore g the acceleration dve 1 gry. in mer pr ned per esi

“Thermal ong is usualy measured in calories (al). By deliaton. one calor isthe amount of
het required ro raise che remperaturo of one gram of water at $5°C through one Clty desre>. A
‘more conuioa uu the Flgcaloie (keal). Fxpavimentaly, i hasbeen found thal

Leal = 4.1963 an

“Yet anouhor unit of thermal encigy isthe Fritch thermal unit (8m), which i rela cathe joe an
Une valrie #5fallne

Tow = L058 9 1
FRecwuse the joule and the ealovis a rolitivty small units, thermal anerpy and clortie cuetsy ace
aenecally cxpresiod in teams of fhe British thermal unit sn Kilawarthour (ot oven wiegiorauou
respectively. A sll areer unl of eneray isthe qual, hich stands for “quaurlion Hritsh thermal
dnt. The motu reltlonshipe among these various units are

1 quad = 0 Btn = 1.055 x 103 ay

‘Some uuthors define © quid us 1" a)
"Power defined aa the tine rate at whieh work is dane. Altemacnely, power ié the dime tte of
hnuge of energy. Thus Ue islantaneows pose p anny be oamputed a6
ae _ de
7

ae ae 1)

252 < 10 eal oa

were UF eopresents work aad we vepeescats energy: The ST unit of power ie the ats OR); ome wall
oivatent Iu une joule per suum!

Woon an)

Multipiss of te wnt cummunty used ia power enuineenneg are the lust! and the meguwurt. Te
powet catings (or cutpmte) of elctie mofors are expwested in horscpmveer (hp) Ware

Thy = STW Gu

12. GHOWTN RATES

Tn planning «2 accommodacs ftrs clectrie eneeey cede, it #8 neoessuy thal we have an
catimate nf Ule rate at which those needs weil yoows hig’ 12 shows a Lspici, enerey-requirsment
Trovoctien forthe United States

‘upore a cereuin quonty AF grows at a rate That fs praportionsl ro the saya of thik is
reveal, Mationatcaly, we hase

ait

OH att 133)

wwheve «i the constant of plopeltionaiy, Snewa a Une permit yruwth rts, "he solution 99 (1.53)
may be written

Wo Me" aig

where A isthe clue af Aad i= 6. Al any ive vubnes of timo, 2 amd fy the imvsise ratio at the
HAP. FUNDAMENTALS (OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS,

somesponding quantities 3 ord eit

From (1.15) ee may obtain

feahting sme ay sch ast 34) ~ 28%, and

felts

nd ie,
a oe (ue)

ores gstem planners ssp nes w knot hr wel ssa willbe domandod. The peak power
demand far the Uaited States aver several Yours ie show by Use slid curve in Bip

Wwe cin