Scenario-Based E-Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines for Online Workforce Learning PDF
Preview Scenario-Based E-Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines for Online Workforce Learning
CONTENTS Foreword Acknowledgments Chapter 1: What Is Scenario-Based e-Learning Scenario-Based e-Learning: A First Look What Do You think? Scenario-Based e-Learning Defined Scenario-Based vs. Directive Training Environments What Scenario-Based e-Learning Is Not Six Reasons to Consider Scenario-Based e-Learning Now What Do You Think? Revisited Coming Next Additional Resources Chapter 2: When to Use Scenario-Based e-Learning Consider Scenario-Based e-Learning for Strategic Tasks What Do You Think? Situations That Call for Scenario-Based e-Learning Eight Scenario-Based Learning Domains Scenario-Based Multimedia Interfaces Meet the Scenario-Based e-Learning Samples Coming Next Additional Resources Chapter 3: Design of Scenario-Based e-Learning Overview of a Scenario-Based e-Learning Design Model Modes and Media in Scenario-Based e-Learning Coming Next Additional Resources Chapter 4: Defining Scenario Outcomes Outcome Deliverables for Learning Domains Assess the Complexity of your Outcome Responses What Do You Think? Translate Your Learning Objectives Scenario Outcomes and Multimedia Interfaces What Do You Think? Revisited Coming Next Additional Resource Chapter 5: Designing the Trigger Event and Case Data What Do You Think? 2 Planning the Trigger Event Defining Case Data What Do You Think? Revisited Coming Next Chapter 6: Building Guidance in Scenario-Based e-Learning What Do You Think What Is Guidance? Option 1: Fade Support from High to Low Option 2: Move from Simple to Complex Option 3: Consider Open vs. Closed Response Options Option 4: Consider Interface/Navigation Design Option 5: Add Training Wheels Option 6: Incorporate Coaching and Advisors Option 7: Embed Worksheets Option 8: Adjust Feedback Option 9: Make Learning Collaborative What Do You Think? Revisited Coming Next Additional Resources Chapter 7: Putting the “L” in Scenario-Based e-Learning What Do You Think? Integrating Knowledge and Skill Resources Tutorials Reference Examples Instructors What Do You Think? Revisited Coming Next Additional Resources Chapter 8: Designing Feedback and Reflection The Power of Feedback Learning from Mistakes Instructional vs. Intrinsic Feedback What Do You Think? Feedback in a Nutshell Feedback and Reflection in Learning Domains What Do You Think? Revisited Coming Next Additional Resources Chapter 9: Evaluation of Scenario-Based e-Learning What Do You Think? Focusing Your Evaluation 3 Back to the Basics: Test Reliability and Validity Test Items for Scenario-Based e-Learning Did I Pass the Test? Testing with Online Scenarios What Do You Think? Revisited Coming Next Additional Resources Chapter 10: Does Scenario-Based e-Learning Work? Does It Work? Is It Efficient? Does It Motivate? What Features Make a Difference? What Do You Think? Limits of Research Discovery Learning Does Not Work Guided Discovery Can Have Learning Advantages over “Traditional” Instruction Learner Scaffolding Is Essential for Success Guided Discovery Can Be More Motivating Than “Traditional” Instruction Feedback and Reflection Promote Learning Visual Representations Should Be Congruent with Your Learning Goals Can Scenario-Based e-Learning Accelerate Expertise? Research on Scenario-Based e-Learning—The Bottom Line What Do You Think? Revisited Coming Next Additional Resources Chapter 11: Eliciting Critical Thinking Skills for Scenario-Based e-Learning What Is Knowledge Elicitation? What Do You Think? Three Approaches to Knowledge Elicitation Which Elicitation Method Should You Use? Types of Knowledge and Skill to Elicit Incorporating Critical Thinking Skills into Your Lessons Guidelines for Success What Do You Think? Revisited Coming Next Additional Resources Chapter 12: Implementing Scenario-Based e-Learning What Do you Think? Four Steps to Project Success Step One: Present a Strong Business Case Step Two: Plan Your Project Step Three: Design Your Approach Step Four: Develop Your First Scenario What Do You Think? Revisited 4 Coming Next: Your Scenario-Based e-Learning Project Additional Resources Appendix A: An Introduction to the Scenario-Based e-Learning Examples Appendix B: Repeated Figures Appendix C: Reliability and Validity for Learning Measures for Scenario- Based e-Learning List of Figures and Tables Glossary References About the Author Index 5 About This Book 6 Why is this book important? This is a book about a new instructional design approach that I call “scenario-based e-learning.” You may have heard other names, such as immersive learning, problem-based learning, or whole-task instruction. What’s important is not the name—but how you design, develop, and deploy a learner-centered instructional environment that can accelerate expertise, build critical thinking skills, and promote transfer of learning. In this book you will learn the what, when, why, and how of scenario-based e-learning lessons, ranging from simple branched scenarios to complex simulated environments. You can apply the guidelines in this book to design of e-learning lessons intended to be self-study or self- study with online collaboration, or to instructor-led settings that use the scenario-based e-learning lessons as case study resources. 7 What can you achieve with this book? The guidelines and examples in this book will help you: Distinguish between scenario-based e-learning and traditional instructional approaches Identify the benefits of a scenario-based e-learning design for your learners and instructional goals Determine when scenario-based e-learning is appropriate in your context Identify specific outcomes of scenario-based e-learning relevant to your organizational goals Classify your instructional goals into one or more of eight learning domains that are good candidates for scenario-based e-learning Apply a design model to your own content and learning objectives Evaluate outcomes from your scenario-based e-learning course Apply current research on scenario-based e-learning to your own courses Identify tacit expert knowledge using cognitive task analysis techniques Make a business case for scenario-based e-learning in your organization To help you achieve these goals, each chapter ends with a worksheet in which you can apply the guidelines and examples in that chapter to your own projects. You can find the worksheets online at www.pfeiffer/go/scenario. The password is Professional. 8 How is the book organized? The first two chapters focus on the what, why, and when of scenario-based e-learning. Based on examples from diverse scenario-based multimedia lessons, you will see the unique features and benefits of this approach and identify situations in your organization that could profit from it. As you start to consider potential candidates for scenario-based e-learning in your organization, you can review eight knowledge and skill objectives, along with eight learning domains that represent the most common applications and will guide your design process. Chapters 3 through 8 make up the heart of the book and focus on a design model for a scenario-based e- learning lesson, starting with an overview in Chapter 3 and proceeding with detailed guidelines and examples for each of the seven components of the design. In these chapters you will define the following key elements: general and specific intended outcomes, trigger events, case data, guidance and instructional resources, and feedback-reflection components. In the last third of the book I summarize strategies to evaluate outcomes from scenario-based e-learning with an emphasis on testing to assess the instructional quality of and learning from your lessons. Although scenario-based e-learning is relatively new, in Chapter 10 I summarize recent research evidence followed by a chapter on supplementing your traditional job analysis with cognitive task analysis. In the final chapter you will find a brief discussion of how to make a business case for a scenario-based e-learning design project to include cost-benefit analysis. 9 Appendices Please take a look at Appendices A and B, as they will guide your understanding of the examples in the book. Appendix A introduces the main samples used throughout the book, giving you a little background on each lesson. Appendix B is a repeat of all of the screen-capture figures in the sequence shown throughout the book. Because of space limitations, I refer back to many figures appearing in previous chapters. To make your access of these easier, you can bookmark Appendix B and look there to quickly find a specific figure. Note that all screen capture figures also appear online at www.pfeiffer.com/go/scenario. Appendix C is adjunct information related to Chapter 9. It summarizes guidelines on ways to evaluate your scenario-based e-learning project. To measure learning outcomes, you will need to construct reliable and valid tests. In Appendix C you will find a review of test reliability and validity, essential concepts to any test development process. Review Appendix C if you plan to develop tests to assess knowledge and skill gains from your scenario-based e-learning course and if you need a refresher on these concepts. 10
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