Scattering Techniques Applied to Supramolecular and Nonequilibrium Systems PDF
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Scattering Techniques Applied to Supramolecular and Nonequilibrium Systems NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contem porary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world, assembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division. Series B_ Physics Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 68 - Superconductor Materials Science: Metallurgy, Fabrication, and Applications edited by Simon Foner and Brian B. Schwartz Volume 69 - Photovoltaic and Photoelectrochemica1 Solar Energy Conversion edited by F. Cardon, W. P. Gomes, and W. Dekeyser Volume 70 - Current Topics in Elementary Particle Physics edited by K. H. MUtter and K. Schilling Volume 71 - Atomic and Molecular Collision Theory edited by Franco A. Gianturco Volume 72 - Phase Transitions: Cargese 1980 edited by Maurice Levy, Jean-Claude Le Guillou, and Jean Zinn-Justin Volume 73 - Scattering Techniques Applied to Supramolecular and Nonequilibrium Systems edited by Sow-Hsin Chen, Benjamin Chu, and Ralph Nossal Volume 74 - Rigorous Atomic and Molecular Physics edited by G. Velo and A. S. Wightman Volume 75 - Nonlinear Phenomena in Physics and Biology edited by Richard H. Enns Volume 76 - Metal Hydrides edited by Gust Bambakidis Volume 77 - Nonlinear Phenomena at Phase Transitions and Instabilities edited by T. Riste This series is published by an international board of publishers in con junction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London D Behavioral and Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Social Sciences Publishers E Applied Sciences Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands, and Germantown, U.S.A. Scattering Techniques Applied to Supramolecular and Nonequilibrium Systems Edited by Sow-Hsin Chen Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts Benjamin Chu State University of New York Stony Brook, New York and Ralph Nossal Na'tionallnstitutes of Health Bethesda, Mary/and PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scattering Techniques Applied to Supramole cular and Nonequilibrium Systems (1980: Wellesley College) Scattering techniques applied to supramolecular and nonequilibrium systems. (NATO advanced study institutes series. Series B, Physics; v. 73) Proceedings of the institute held Aug. 3-12, 1980, at Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Scattering (Physics) - Congresses. 2. Biophysics - Technique - Congresses. I. Chen, Sow-Hsin, 1935- . II. Chu, Benjamin. III. Nossal, Ralph. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Division of Scientific Affairs. V. Title. VI. Series. QH505.N34 1980 574.19'285 81-13767 AACR2 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4063-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4061-4 001: 10.1 007/978-1-4684-4061-4 Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scattering Techniques Applied to Supramolecular and Nonequilibrium Systems, held August 3-12, 1980, at WeIlesley College, Wellesley, Massachusets ©1981 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 AIl rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher PREFACE This Advanced Study Institute was held at \-lellesley College, Wellesley, MA., from 3 to 12 August 1980. It followed by four years the second "Capri ~,chool on Photon Correlation Spectroscopy". During the intervening period there had been many new applications of dynamic light scattering techniques to the study of systems whose properties depend either on collective molecular interactions or on the formation or activity of supramo1ecu1ar structures. Con sequently, emphasis at this conference was on light scattering studies of subjects such as dynamical correlations in dense polymer solutions, phase transitions in gels, spinodal decomposition of binary fluids, Benard instabilities in nonequilibrium fluids, the formation of micelles and phospholipid vesicles, and movements of the molecular assemblies of muscle tissue. The instructional pro gramme also included tutorial lectures on two complementary spec troscopic techniques which have benefited from dramatic advances in instrumentation, these being small angle X-ray (SAXS) and small angle neutron (SANS) scattering. Strong cold neutron and synchro tron X-ray sources have become available, and data now can be acquired rapidly with newly developed position-sensitive detectors. Several reviews of recent applications of SAXS and SANS were also provided. The organizers of the ASI hoped to provide a forum for theoreticians and experimentalists to assess advances in fields which, although related, were sufficiently different that a great deal of unfamiliar information could be communicated. The order ing of the papers in this volume closely approximates that of the talks presented at the Advanced Study Institute. The reader will discover that diverse phenomena of physical, chemical and biologi cal interest were discussed. Part I of this book contains reviews of the basic physical principles underlying X-ray, neutron, and dynamic light scattering. Also included are discussions of facilities and instrumentation v PREFACE currently available for performing SANS and SAXS experiments, and 'summaries of procedures for analyzing quasielastic light scattering data. Part II pertains to polymer and colloidal systems, contain ing papers on polymer solutions, gels, micelles, and phospholipid vesicles. Part III concerns non-equilibrium systems and includes papers on critical behavior, nucleation and spinodal decomposition. and convective hydrodynamic instabilities. In addition, reviews of some highly complex mathematical modelling of non-equilibrium stochastic behavior are presented. Part IV contains papers de scribing several SANS and dynamic light scattering studies' of the structure and motions of biological systems, among which are in vestigations of membrane and virus structure, mobility of micro organisms, and structure and dynamics of muscle cells. Finally, Part V contains short presentations of twenty-seven contributed posters on such topics as new experimental techniques, hydrogen bonded liquids, polymer solutions, colloidal suspensions, micelles and microemulsions, biomolecules and biological organelles and cells. We are particularly fortunate to have had a group of expert lecturers who not only delivered excellent talks in the classroom but also gave generously of their time in the after-hour discus sions. They are warmly thanked for their hard work in providing such interesting and stimulating lecture notes. The United States Organizing Committee consisted of: S.H. Chen, MIT, Cambridge, ~~ (Director); B. Chu, SUNY, Stony Brook, L.I., N.Y.; and R. Nossal, NIH, Bethesda, ~ID. The European Advisory Committee was: J.P. Boon, Universite Libre, Bruxelles, Belgium; and P. Berge, CENS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Principal support for the Institute was provided by the NATO Scientific Affairs Division. The numerous warm and stimulating conversations between partici pants who oftentimes had to invent special variations of estab lished languages in order to communicate attested to the wisdom of expending funds in this manner. A supplemental combined grant was received from the Division of Computer Research and Technology; the Division of Research Services, the National Institute of Dental Research, and the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health. These funds furnished support for partici pants from non-NATO countries. Generous contributions also were obtained from the following instrument manufacturers: Langley-Ford Instruments; Malvern Scientific Corporation; Nicomp Instruments; Science Research Systems of Troy; and Technology for Energy Corpor ation. The latter funds were used to provide a concert and other amenities which enabled the participants to live and work harmon iously for almost two weeks. PREFACE vii Located near Boston on a beautiful 500 acre site, Wellesley College afforded the academic and recreational attributes necessary for an intense, extended, working relationship between the parti cipants. We thank the College administration for their many efforts to make our visit fruitful and enjoyable. In addition to lecture halls and conference rooms, facilities were provided for an instru ment show and an ongoing display of posters relating to contributed papers. Also, after attending formal evening lectures, we were able to retire to the "Great Hall" of our dormitory where discus sions oftentimes continued into the early hours of the morning. Special mention must be made of the assistance given by Paul Wang and Brigitte Herpigny, who performed many of the numerous daily tasks relating to the organization and smooth operation of the conference. Their patience was severely tested, but they nonethe less performed with admirable good humor. Lastly, we acknowledge the cheerful assistance of Anne and Cathy Chen, who typed this book and whose help made possible its timely completion. Hay 1981 S.H. Chen B. Chu Cambridge, Massachusetts R. Nossal Stony Brook, New York Bethesda, Maryland CONTENTS PART I - ADVANCES IN INSTRilliENTATION AND TECHNIQUES Interaction of Thermal Neutrons and Photons with Matter • • • • •. •..• 3 S.H. Chen Neutron Small Angle Scattering, Instruments and Applications. • • • • • • . • • • • 35 J. Schelten Quasielastic Neutron Spin-Echo Spectroscopy • • • . • • •• 49 J.B. Hayter The National Center for Small-Angle Scattering Research 75 W.C. Koehler, R.W. Hendricks, H.R. Child, S.P. King, J.S. Lin, and G.D. Wignall Recent Developments in Photon Correlation and Spectrum Analysis Techniques: I. Instrumentation for Photodetection Spectroscopy • . • • • . • • • • 87 C.J. Oliver Recent Developments in Photon Correlation and Spectrum Analysis Techniques: II. Information From Photodetection Spectroscopy ••••••• 121 Oliver C~J. Polarized Dynamic Light Scattering as a Probe of Macromolecular Intramolecular Motions 161 R. Pecora Dynamic Depolarized Light Scattering from Macromolecular Systems •••••• 173 R. Pecora The Analysis of Polydisperse Scattering Data. • • • • • •• 179 E.R. Pike ix x CONTENTS A Review of Techniques for Time-Resolved X-Ray Studies on Huscle . . . . . . . . . • . 201 A.R. Faruqi and H.E. Huxley PART II - POLYHER AND COLLOIDAL SYSTEHS Static and Dynamic Properties of Polymer Solutions. . 231 B. Chu Small Angle Neutron Scattering by Polymer Solutions . . .. 265 B. Farnoux and G. Jannink Quasielastic Light Scattering from Polymer Gels . . . . .. 301 R. Nossal Phase Transition in Gels. . . . . . . 321 T. Tanaka, S.T. Sun, and I. Nishio Light Scattering Study of Ganglioside Hicelles and Hixed Hicelles with a Nonionic Amphiphile • 337 H. Corti and V. Degiorgio Kinetics of Growth of Phospholipid Vesicles • • . . • . .. 351 D. Sornette and N. Ostrowsky Hicellar Size as a Function of Pressure, Temperature, and Salt Concentration for a Series of Cationic Surf ac tan ts . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 363 D.F. Nicoli, R. Ciccolello, J. Briggs, D.R. Dawson, H.W. Offen, L. Romsted, and C.A. Bunton PART III - NONEQUILIBRIUH SYSTEHS The Dynamics of Phase Separatio~ Near the Critical Point: Spinodal Decomposition and Nucleation. 383 W. I. Goldburg New Critical Behavior Induced by Shear Flow in Binary Fluids . . . . . . • • • . . 411 D. Beysens Fluctuations in Nonequilibrium Critical Phenomena . . • .. 455 K. Kawasaki and A. Onuki Hydrodynamic Instability: Structure and Chaos . . • . • .. 467 J-P. Boon CONTENTS xi Study of Rayleigh-Benard Convection Properties Through Optical Measurements. . ..•••••.. 493 P. Berg~ and M. Dubois Convective Instabilities in a Horizontal Binary Liquid Layer. • ., .•.....•. 519 M. Giglio and V. Degiorgio Low Angle Brillouin Scattering in Systems Under Temperature Gradient.. . • • . . . 537 D. Beysens Fluctuations in Steady State Systems 551 I. Oppenheim and J. Machta .•.. Models of Stochastic Behavior in Non-Equilibrium Steady States • . . • • • • . . . . . • • 559 R. Graham PART IV - BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Applications of Small Angle Neutron Scattering to Biological Systems. • . . . . • • • • • • . • . .. 615 G. Zaccai Light Scattering from Cells . . • . . . . • . . • . • . •• 639 S.H. Chen Motility Studies of Large Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . .• 657 F.R. Hallett Dynamic Laser Scattering Study of Sperm Migration Through Cervical Mucus- . . . . . • • . . . • . .. 671 W. I. Lee Laser Doppler Continuous Real-Time Monitor of Pulsatile and Hean Blood Flow in Tissue Microcirculation. • . . 685 R.F. Bonner, T.R. Clem, P.D. Bowen and R.L. Bowman Phase Separation of Cytop1asma in the Lens· • . • . • . •. 703 T. Tanaka, I. Nishio, S.T. Sun Structures and Dynamics of Hus:c1e Cells and Muscle Proteins Studied by Intensity Fluctuation Spectroscopy of Laser Light . . . . . . . • . . .. 725 S. Fujime, T. Maeda, and Y. Umazume
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