Scanning Probe Microscopy in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 3

633 Pages·2013·21.76 MB·English

by  Luohan Peng, Huiliang Zhang, Philip Hemmer, Hong Liang (auth.), Bharat Bhushan (eds.)

NanoScience and Technology
NanoScience and Technology
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Bharat Bhushan
Editor
Scanning Probe
Microscopy
in Nanoscience
and Nanotechnology
3
With 419 Figures
123
Editor
ProfessorBharatBhushan
OhioStateUniversity
2
NanoprobeLaboratoryforBio-andNanotechnologyandBiomimetics(NLB )
Columbus, Ohio
USA
SeriesEditors:
ProfessorDr.PhaedonAvouris ProfessorDr.,Dres.h.c.KlausvonKlitzing
IBMResearchDivision Max-Planck-Institut
NanometerScaleScience&Technology fu¨rFestko¨rperforschung
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YorktownHeights,NY Germany
USA
ProfessorHiroyukiSakaki
ProfessorDr.BharatBhushan
UniversityofTokyo
OhioStateUniversity
InstituteofIndustrialScience
Nanoprobe Laboratory
4-6-1Komaba,Meguro-ku
for Bio- and Nanotechnology
Tokyo153-8505,Japan
and Biomimetics ( NLB2)
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USA
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Universita¨tHamburg
ProfessorDr.DieterBimberg
Hamburg
TUBerlin,Fakuta¨tMathematik/
Germany
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NanoScienceandTechnology ISSN1434-4904
ISBN978-3-642-25413-0 ISBN978-3-642-25414-7 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-25414-7
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Preface
The emergence and proliferation of proximal probes, in particular tip-based
microscopies, has found applications in a large number of fields of scientific and
industrialinterest.Theseallowinvestigationsdowntotheatomicscale.Therecent
focusonnanotechnologyhasmadeprobe-basedmethodsindispensible.Thepresent
editorcoeditedwithProf.H.Fuchs13volumesonappliedscanningprobemethods
(SPM) from2004 to 2009.These volumeshave provideda timely comprehensive
overviewofSPMapplications.
The success of the Springer Series Applied Scanning Probe Methods and the
rapidly expanding activities in scanning probe development and applications in
nanoscienceandnanotechnologyworldwidemakeitanaturalsteptocollectfurther
specific results in the fields of development of scanning probe microscopy tech-
niques, characterization, and industrial applications, particularly in nanoscience,
nanotechnology,andbiomimetics.In2010,theeditorlaunchedaseriesofvolumes
on Scanning Probe Microscopy in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. This third
volume provides insight into the recent work by leading specialists in their
respectivefields.
Thisvolumeintroducesmanytechnicalconceptsandimprovementsofexisting
scanning probe techniques and covers a broad and impressive spectrum of recent
SPM development and application in many fields of technology, biology, and
medicine. The chapters are broken down under three major headings: Scanning
ProbeMicroscopyTechniques,Characterization,andIndustrialApplications.After
introducingnewdevelopmentsinscanningprobemicroscopy,characterizationdata
in variousapplicationsof scientific andtechnologicalinterestarepresented.Next,
chaptersonvariousindustrialapplicationsarepresented.Characterizationdataand
industrial applications include studies of biological materials, nanostructures, and
nanotubes.
The chaptersare written by leading researchersand applicationscientists from
allovertheworldandfromvariousindustriestoprovideabroaderperspective.The
field is progressing so fast that there is a need for a set of volumes every 12–18
monthstocapturethelatestdevelopments.
v
vi Preface
We gratefully acknowledge the support of all authors representing leading
scientists in academia and industry for the highly valuable contribution to this
volume. We also cordially thank the series editor Claus Ascheron and his staff
member Adelheid Duhm from Springer for their continued support during the
publicationprocess.
Wesincerelyhopethatreaderswillfindthisvolumetobescientificallystimulat-
ingandrewarding.
Columbus,OH,USA BharatBhushan
Contents
PartI ScanningProbeMicroscopyTechniques
1 Laser-AssistedScanningProbeAlloyingNanolithography
(LASPAN) ................................................................... 3
LuohanPeng,HuiliangZhang,PhilipHemmer,andHong
Liang
1.1 ABriefReviewofScanningProbe-BasedNanolithography....... 3
1.1.1 Introduction................................................. 3
1.1.2 Laser-AssistedProcess..................................... 4
1.1.3 StimulatedNanoalloyingandNanocrystallization........ 4
1.2 LASPANSystemConfiguration..................................... 5
1.2.1 AFMWritingatRoomTemperature....................... 5
1.2.2 LaserSystemAttachment.................................. 5
1.2.3 IntegrationofLaserandAFMSystems ................... 7
1.3 LASPANProcessesandApplications............................... 8
1.3.1 PrinciplesofLASPANProcess ............................ 8
1.3.2 OptimizationofLASPANGenericProcess ............... 9
1.3.3 LASPANinanAu-SiSystem:ACaseStudy............. 14
1.4 Conclusions........................................................... 20
References.................................................................... 20
2 CharacterizationandOptimizationofQuartzTuning
Fork-BasedForceSensorsforCombinedSTM/AFM.................. 23
AndresCastellanos-Gomez,NicolásAgraït,andGabino
Rubio-Bollinger
2.1 Introduction........................................................... 23
2.1.1 WhyStudytheDynamicsofQuartzTuning
ForkForceSensors?........................................ 24
2.1.2 WhyDevelopNovelTips? ................................. 25
vii
viii Contents
2.2 DynamicsofQuartzTuningFork-BasedForceSensors ........... 25
2.2.1 ModelingtheTuningForkDynamics ..................... 25
2.2.2 EffectiveSpringConstant.................................. 27
2.2.3 LinearityoftheRelationshipBetweenthe
ForceGradientandtheResonanceFrequencyShift...... 34
2.2.4 OscillationAmplitudeCalibration......................... 36
2.3 Carbon Fiber Tips to Optimize the Performance
ofTuningFork-BasedSensors....................................... 40
2.3.1 AdvantagesofCarbonFiber-BasedTipsin
CombinedSTM/AFM...................................... 40
2.3.2 ElectrochemicalEtchingoftheTips....................... 43
2.3.3 PerformanceinSTM/AFMMicroscopes.................. 44
2.4 Conclusions........................................................... 50
References.................................................................... 51
3 ExploringMesoscaleContactMechanicsbyAtomicForce
Microscopy.................................................................. 55
RenatoBuzio
3.1 Introduction........................................................... 56
3.1.1 FundamentalandTechnologicalRelevanceof
MesoscaleContactJunctions............................... 56
3.1.2 ProbingMCMbyDepth-SensingIndentation
Experiments................................................. 59
3.2 Experimentson MCM by Elastically Stiff AFM
Probes:TheRoleofNanoroughness................................ 61
3.3 ExperimentsonMCMbyElastomerColloidalAFMProbes...... 63
3.3.1 FabricationofProbes....................................... 63
3.3.2 ExperimentswithAtomicallySmoothInterfaces......... 65
3.3.3 ExperimentswithRoughInterfaces ....................... 70
3.4 Conclusions........................................................... 72
References.................................................................... 73
PartII Characterization
4 AtomicForceMicroscopyforDNASNPIdentification ................ 79
UgoValbusaandVincenzoIerardi
4.1 Introduction........................................................... 79
4.2 DNAandMutSAFMImaging ...................................... 82
4.2.1 MismatchTagging.......................................... 82
4.2.2 DNA Deposition Process: Chemical
EnvironmentEffects........................................ 85
4.2.3 MorphologicalCharacterizationof DNA
FilamentsandMutSProteinbyAFM ..................... 87
Contents ix
4.3 DNA-MutSComplexInvestigation.................................. 91
4.3.1 ExperimentalConditionoftheFormation
ofHomoduplexDNA-MutSComplexes .................. 92
4.3.2 Heteroduplexds-DNA-MutSComplexes ................. 92
4.4 Conclusions........................................................... 95
References.................................................................... 96
5 AtomicForceMicroscopyofIsolatedNanostructures:
BiomolecularImaginginHydratedEnvironments–Status
andFutureProspects....................................................... 99
SergioSantosandNeilH.Thomson
5.1 IntroductiontoAtomicForceMicroscopy(AFM)inBiology..... 99
5.2 Imaging Biomolecules in Liquid and Ambient
DynamicAFM:AnOverview....................................... 105
5.3 Bistability,AverageandPeakForces................................ 109
5.4 ImagingBiomoleculesintheAttractiveandRepulsive
Regimes............................................................... 116
5.5 TheTrueNon-contactModeofOperation.......................... 119
5.6 TheRelevanceofPeakForces....................................... 119
5.7 InstrumentStability:ReproducibleOperation...................... 121
5.8 WhatControlsHighResolutionofSoftMatterinAFM ........... 122
5.9 UnderstandingandInterpretingApparentHeightinAFM......... 124
5.10 ConclusionsandFutureProspects................................... 126
References.................................................................... 129
6 Single-MoleculeStudiesofIntegrinsbyAFM-BasedForce
SpectroscopyonLivingCells.............................................. 137
RobertH.Eibl
6.1 Introduction........................................................... 138
6.1.1 PrinciplesofAFM.......................................... 145
6.1.2 IntegrinsinCellAdhesionandLeukocyteHoming....... 147
6.2 ForceSpectroscopyofLivingCells................................. 152
6.2.1 PreparationofCellsandReagentsforAFM
Measurements............................................... 152
6.2.2 PlacingaCellontotheTipofaCantilever................ 154
6.2.3 ForceMeasurementsonCells.............................. 155
6.2.4 BlockingExperimentsattheSingle-BondLevel ......... 158
6.2.5 PharmacologyMeasurements.............................. 158
6.3 AFMForceMeasurementsofIntegrins............................. 158
6.3.1 IntegrinVLA-4 ............................................. 159
6.3.2 IntegrinLFA-1.............................................. 162
6.3.3 Integrin’ “ ................................................ 164
4 7
6.3.4 Integrin’ “ ................................................ 165
5 1
6.3.5 Integrin’ “ ................................................ 165
v 3
6.4 Conclusion............................................................ 166
References.................................................................... 167
x Contents
7 NanomechanicsofYeastSurfacesRevealedbyAFM................... 171
EtienneDague,AudreyBeaussart,andDavidAlsteens
7.1 Introduction........................................................... 171
7.2 PreparationofAFMSampleandTips............................... 174
7.2.1 AFMForceMeasurements................................. 174
7.2.2 SamplePreparation......................................... 176
7.2.3 TipFunctionalization....................................... 178
7.3 NanostructureandElasticityofYeastCellWall.................... 181
7.4 NanomechanicalBehavioroftheAls5pCellAdhesionProtein ... 184
7.4.1 UnfoldingBehaviorConfersToughnesstoAls5p ........ 186
7.4.2 Force-InducedAlsNanodomains.......................... 187
7.5 Conclusion............................................................ 189
References.................................................................... 189
8 Recent Developments in In Situ SFM of Block
Copolymers:3DVolumeStructuresandDynamics .................... 195
Markus Hund, Clemens Liedel, Larisa Tsarkova, and
AlexanderBöker
8.1 Introduction........................................................... 195
8.2 In Situ SFM Imaging of Block Copolymer
NanostructuresUnderAnnealing.................................... 196
8.3 QuasiInSituScanningProbeMicroscopy.......................... 202
8.3.1 InSituandExSitu.......................................... 202
8.3.2 TheQuasiInSituSetup.................................... 204
8.3.3 OperationoftheQIS-SFM................................. 206
8.3.4 QuasiInSituSolventVaporAnnealinginthe
PresenceofaHighElectricField.......................... 209
8.4 Quasi In Situ Investigationof Block Copolymer
AlignmentMechanisms.............................................. 211
8.4.1 AlignmentMechanismofaLamellaForming
ABCTriblockCopolymer.................................. 212
8.4.2 DefectAnnihilationinaLamellaForming
ABCTriblockCopolymer.................................. 216
8.4.3 AlignmentMechanismofaCylinderForming
ABCTriblockCopolymer.................................. 219
8.5 InSituSFMImagingAfterSuccessivePlasmaEtching
fortheStructureReconstruction..................................... 223
8.6 ConclusionandPerspective.......................................... 229
References.................................................................... 230
9 SurfaceMorphologyandCrystallinityofPolyamides
InvestigatedbyAtomicForceMicroscopy............................... 235
TamaraElzein,MauriceBrogly,andSophieBistac
9.1 Introduction........................................................... 235
9.2 ExperimentalPart .................................................... 238
9.2.1 FunctionalizedSubstrates.................................. 238