Scaling: A Sourcebook for Behavioral Scientists

457 Pages·2007·97.914 MB·English

by  Gary Maranell

SCALING

SCALING: A Sourcebook
for Behavioral Scientists
Edited by GARY M. M ARANELL
Routledge
Taylor &. Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 1974 by Transaction Publishers
Published 2017 by Routledge
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Copyright © 1974 by Taylor & Francis.
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Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2007025981
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Scaling : a sourcebook for behavioral scientists / Gary M. Maranell, editor.
p. cm.
Originally published: Scaling / edited by Gary M. Maranell. Chicago :
Aldine Pub. Co., [1974].
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-202-36175- 8
1. Scalin g (Social sciences) 2. Attitude (Psychology)--Testing. 3. Psy -
chometrics. I . Maranell, Gary Michael, 1932-
H61.M423 2007
300.1'519535--dc22 2007025981
ISBN 13 : 978-0-202-36175-8 (pbk )
Contents
Preface I x
Introduction x i
PART I . MEASUREMEN T AND SCALING " 1
1. Ernes t Nagel , Measurement 3
2. S . Smith Stevens, Measurement 2 2
3. Cletu s J. Burke, Measurement Scale s an d
Statistical Model s 4 2
PART II . THURSTONIA N METHODS 5 7
4. Loui s L, Thurstone, Psychophysica l Analysis 5 9
5. Loui s L. Thurstone, A Law of Comparative Judgmen t 8 1
6. Ber t Green, Paire d Comparison Scalin g Procedure 9 3
7. Alle n L . Edwards, Circular Triads, the Coefficien t
of Consistence , an d th e Coefficien t o f Agreement 9 8
8. Rober t T . Ross , Optimal Orders i n the Metho d
of Paire d Comparisons 10 6
9. Alle n L. Edwards, Paired Comparison Attitude Scales 11 0
10. Alle n L. Edwards, The Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals 11 3
11. Ber t Green, The Metho d of Successive Interval s 12 2
v
vi CONTENT S
PART III . SCALOGRA M ANALYSI S 129
12. Samue l A. Stouffer, A n Overview of th e
Contributions t o Scaling and Scale Theory 131
13. Loui s L. Guttman , Th e Basis for Scalogram Analysis 142
14. Benjami n W. White and El i Saltz, Measuremen t
of Reproducibilit y 17 2
15. Kar l F. Schuessler, A Note on Statistical
Significance o f Scalogra m 19 7
16. Rolan d j. Chilton, Computer Generated Dat a an d
the Statistica l Significance of Scalogram 20 5
17. Rolan d J. Chilton, A Review and Comparison of Simple
Statistical Tests for Scalogram Analysis 21 2
18. Carm i Schooler, A Note of Extreme Caution on th e
Use of Guttman Scale s 22 3
PART IV . SUMMATED RATING METHOD S 23 1
19. Rensl s Likert, The Metho d of Constructing a n
Attitude Scal e 23 3
20. Joh n P. Robinson, J err old G. Rush and Kendra B. Head
Criteria for an Attitude Scale 24 4
21. H . J. Butcher, A Note on the Scale Product an d
Related Method s of Scoring Attitude Scales 25 8
22. P . K. Poppleton and G. W. Pilkingtori, A Comparison of
Four Method s of Scoring an Attitude Scale in
Relation t o its Reliability an d Validit y 26 7
PART V. UNFOLDIN G THEORY 27 3
23. C . H. Coombs, Some Aspects of the Met a theory
of Measuremen t 27 5
24. C . H. Coombs, Psychological Scaling without a
Unit o f Measurement 28 1
25. C . H. Coombs, A Real Example of Unfolding 30 0
26. Davi d Goldberg and C. H. Coombs, Some Applications of
Unfolding Theor y t o Fertility Analysis 31 1
CONTENTS Vll
PART VI . RELATE D MATERIAL S 33 3
27. Alle n L. Edwards and F. P. Kilpatrick, A Technique fo r
the Constructio n of Attitude Scales 33 6
28. Samue l A. Stouffer, Edgar F. Borgatta, David G. Hays and
Andrew F. Henry, A Technique fo r Improvin g
Cumulative Scale s 34 7
29. Rober t K. Leik, and M. Matthews, A Scale for
Developmental Processe s 36 5
30. Sanfor d Labovitz, The Assignment of Numbers t o
Rank Orde r Categories 38 8
31. Frederi c M . Lord , On th e Statistica l Treatment of
Football Number s 40 2
Selected Bibliograph y 40 7
Appendix: Tables 41 9
Index 42 9

Prcfecc
This sourcebook is an attempt to cover the generally recognized scaling
methods. However, to keep it from becoming overly large, it was necessary
to exclude certain types of material. The decisions regarding what should
be excluded are never easy to make, and some readers may disagree wit h
those made here. I can only hope tha t a substantial numbe r o f teachers
will find meri t I n th e conten t tha t ha s resulte d fro m thes e difficul t
decisions. Becaus e of size and cos t considerations, this volume does no t
include highl y mathematica l articles . The material s tha t hav e bee n In -
cluded should be quite understandable t o any behavioral science graduate
student and to most undergraduate student s as well.
Ideally, sourcebooks should draw togethe r relate d an d usefu l material
from a wid e rang e o f divers e source s tha t ar e otherwis e difficul t t o
assemble. Ther e i s little justification for bringin g together paper s tha t
appeared i n only the major journals of a particular discipline. The ma-
terial here has been drawn from a wide spectrum of journals and books,
both sociologica l an d psychological . Further , th e material s hav e bee n
drawn fro m a time spectrum covering more than 40 years.
It ha s been my impression that the averag e student in the behavioral
sciences does not have an opportunity to read a sufficient number of pri-
mary sources for himself, and this Is especially true in the area of meth-
odology. I have, however, hesitated t o send a dozen or more students to
journals when I knew that the journals were in tatters already. Yet I felt
that the y wer e missin g some o f th e excitemen t o f discover y and con -
tinuity thi s literature ca n provide . This i s one reaso n I hav e prepare d
this book.
The reader should understand that this volume is intended for students
ix