SAVING ENERGY AND REDUCING CO2 EMISSIONS WITH ELECTRICITY LIGHTING FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS PDF
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Saving Energy and Reducing CO Emissions 2 with Electricity Saving Energy and Reducing CO Emissions 2 with Electricity Clark W. Gellings, P.E. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gellings, Clark W. Saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions with electricity / by Clark Gellings. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 0-88173-667-8 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-88173-668-6 (electronic) ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-7012-9 (Taylor & Francis : alk. paper) 1. Electric power--Conservation. 2. Industries--Energy conservation. 3. Carbon dioxide mitigation. I. Title. TK4015.G36 2011 621.31’2132--dc22 2011000044 Saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions with electricity / by Clark Gellings. ©2011 by The Fairmont Press, Inc.. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc. 700 Indian Trail Lilburn, GA 30047 tel: 770-925-9388; fax: 770-381-9865 http://www.fairmontpress.com Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd. 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA E-mail: [email protected] Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd. 23-25 Blades Court Deodar Road London SW15 2NU, UK E-mail: [email protected] Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10: 0-88173-667-8 (The Fairmont Press, Inc.) 13: 978-1-4398-7012-9 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.) While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher, authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions. Contents Chapter Page 1 INTRODUCTION – ELECTRICITY’S ATTRIBUTES .........................1 Electricity Powers Growth .....................................................................4 Electricity Powers Digital Devices ........................................................4 Electricity: Gateway to the Electromagnetic Spectrum ......................6 Technical Attributes of Electricity .......................................................10 Economic .................................................................................................13 Resource Use ..........................................................................................13 Electricity Leverages Exergy ................................................................15 References ...............................................................................................18 2 THE CONCEPT OF ELECTRIFICATION ..........................................19 EPRI’s Prism and MERGE ....................................................................24 Electricity Technology Under a Carbon-Constrained Future .........26 MERGE Analysis ...................................................................................28 European Climate Foundation ............................................................32 Eurelectric ...............................................................................................32 Conclusions ............................................................................................36 References ...............................................................................................38 3 CO REDUCTIONS THROUGH EXPANDED 2 END-USE APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY ................................39 Introduction ............................................................................................39 The Climate Stabilization Challenge ..................................................40 Power Delivery and End Use ..............................................................41 Total Resource Efficiency ......................................................................43 Sources of CO Reductions ..................................................................47 2 Energy Savings From Beneficial New Uses .......................................48 Reductions in CO Emissions From Beneficial New Uses ...............49 2 Identifying and Screening Technologies ............................................51 Technical and Realistic Potentials by Sector ......................................55 Japanese Study .......................................................................................57 European Study .....................................................................................60 United Kingdom ....................................................................................60 Conclusion ..............................................................................................61 References ...............................................................................................61 v 4 ELECTRIC ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION ....................................63 The Rebirth of Electric Cars .................................................................66 Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles....71 Smart Charging ......................................................................................73 Truck Stop Electrification .....................................................................77 Truck Driver Benefits From TSE ..........................................................78 Two Major Types of Truck Stop Electrification .................................78 Societal Benefits From TSE ...................................................................79 Emission Reduction Benefits of TSE ...................................................80 Conclusions ............................................................................................80 References ...............................................................................................80 5 ELECTRIFYING OFF-ROAD MOTIVE POWER ..............................81 Forklifts ...................................................................................................84 Airport Electrification ...........................................................................89 Seaport Electrification ...........................................................................92 Railroad Electrification .........................................................................99 Mining Electrification .........................................................................103 New Opportunities for Electrification ..............................................104 References .............................................................................................105 6 BENEFICIAL INDUSTRIAL USES OF ELECTRICITY: INDUSTRIAL INTRODUCTION AND PROCESS INDUSTRIES .....................................................................107 Process Industries ................................................................................110 Food Processing ...................................................................................111 Membrane Processing .........................................................................121 Freeze Concentration ..........................................................................125 Microwave Heating and Processing .................................................127 Desalination ..........................................................................................135 Electrolytics ..........................................................................................137 New Applications for Mechanical Energy .......................................139 Electrifying IC Motor Applications ...................................................140 Municipal Waste and Water Electrification .....................................143 Conclusion ............................................................................................148 References .............................................................................................148 7 BENEFICIAL INDUSTRIAL USES OF ELECTRICITY: METALS PRODUCTION ...................................................................149 vi Metals Production ...............................................................................149 Dielectric Heating ................................................................................157 Resistance Heating and Melting ........................................................165 Conclusion ............................................................................................167 References .............................................................................................167 8 BENEFICIAL INDUSTRIAL USES OF ELECTRICITY: MATERIALS FABRICATION ........................................................169 Materials Fabrication ..........................................................................169 Electron Beam Machining ..................................................................174 Electric Discharge Machining ............................................................174 Electrochemical Machining ................................................................175 Electroforming .....................................................................................176 Electrochemical Finishing ..................................................................177 Laser Beam Machining .......................................................................177 Electron Beam Welding .......................................................................178 Laser Beam Welding ............................................................................179 Plasma Welding ...................................................................................179 Resistance Welding ..............................................................................180 References .............................................................................................186 9 BENEFICIAL COMMERCIAL BUILDING USES OF ELECTRICITY ................................................................187 Space Conditioning .............................................................................187 Variable Capacity Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps for Commercial Buildings ...................................................................192 Advanced Heating and Cooling Technologies ................................200 Space Conditioning and/or Water Heating Using Carbon Dioxide (CO ) Refrigeration Cycle .................................208 2 Water Heating ......................................................................................211 Food Service .........................................................................................215 Laundry.................................................................................................218 Other Commercial Applications........................................................219 Medical Electronics .............................................................................225 References .............................................................................................226 10 BENEFICIAL RESIDENTIAL BUILDING USES OF ELECTRICITY ................................................................227 Space Conditioning (Heating and Cooling) ....................................227 vii Water Heating ......................................................................................233 Residential Appliances .......................................................................234 Conclusions ..........................................................................................238 References .............................................................................................238 11 ENHANCING ENERGY EFFICIENCY ............................................239 Other Estimates of the Potential for Energy Efficiency ..................243 Historic Perspective on Energy Efficiency .......................................251 References .............................................................................................254 12 DEMAND RESPONSE .......................................................................257 Definitions ............................................................................................260 Background ..........................................................................................261 Four Building Blocks of Demand Response ....................................263 Where is the Biggest Impact? .............................................................263 The Potential for Summer Peak Demand Savings from Utility Programs ....................................................................264 Examples of Real Applications ..........................................................266 How to Enable Demand Response ...................................................271 What Does DR-Ready Entail? ............................................................272 Why Aren’t Today’s Appliances, Information Technology and Consumer Electronics DR-Ready? ..................273 Alternatives to Enabling DR-Ready End-Use Products ................274 A Possible Approach Toward Implementation of DR-Ready Programs ..................................................................279 Identify Underlying Drivers and Interests among Key Stakeholders ...............................................................279 Determine State of Industry and Technology Including Drivers and Barriers .....................................................282 Define Product Attributes that Warrant “DR-Ready” Designation ..............................................................283 Build Coalition with Strategic Partners ............................................284 Develop Roadmap of Target Products .............................................284 Develop standards for exchanging information with smart appliances ....................................................................285 References .............................................................................................286 Index ...............................................................................................................287 viii Foreword While this book was being readied for press, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration (EIA) released its short- term energy projections (EIA/STEO, October 2010). These projections are not good news for the U.S. economy and argue strongly for increased electrification. It appears that 2010 will see the first increase in the U.S. energy in- tensity in many years. Historically, the rate of decline in the U.S. energy intensity has been around 1.5% per year over the last 50 years. In fact, in some years, the decline has exceeded 2.5%. EIA projections indicate an increase of 0.6% this year, driven in part by a 2.6% growth in gross do- mestic product (GDP). In part, the increase is also driven by decreasing investments and a reduction of asset utilization (e.g., factories reducing shifts). This calls for an international imperative to make existing uses of electricity as efficient and practical as possible, as well as to electrify all inefficient fossil-fueled uses of energy. ix
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