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Satellite Systems for Personal Applications: Concepts and Technology PDF

464 Pages·2010·13.87 MB·English
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SATELLITE SYSTEMS FOR PERSONAL APPLICATIONS Satellite Systems for P ersonal A pplications: Concepts and Technology Madhavendra Richharia and Leslie David Westbrook © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-71428-7 Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Series Editors: Dr Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, University of Waterloo, Canada Dr Yi Pan, Georgia State University, USA The ‘Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing’ is a series of comprehensive, practical and timely books on wireless communication and network systems. The series focuses on topics ranging from wireless communication and coding theory to wireless applications and pervasive computing. The books provide engineers and other technical professionals, researchers, educators and advanced students in these fields with invaluable insight into the latest developments and cutting-edge research Other titles in the series: Misic and Misic: Wireless Personal Area Networks: Performance, Interconnection, and Security with IEEE 802.15.4 , Janyary 2008, 978-0-470-51847-2 Takagi and Walke: Spectrum Requirement Planning in Wireless Communications: Model and Methodology for IMT-Advanced, April 2008, 978-0-470-98647-9 Pe´rez-Fonta´n and Espin˜eira: Modeling the Wireless Propagation Channel: A simulation approach with MATLAB®, August 2008, 978-0-470-72785-0 Ippolito: Satellite communications Systems Engineering: Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and System Performance, August 2008, 978-0-470-72527-6 Lin and Sou: Charging for Mobile All-IP Telecommunications, September 2008, 978-0-470-77565-3 Myung and Goodman: Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air Interface for Long Term Evalution, October 2008, 978-0-470-72449-1 Wang, Kondi, Luthra and Ci: 4G Wireless Video Communications, April 2009, 978-0-470-77307-9 Cai, Shen and Mark: Multimedia Services in Wireless Internet: Modeling and Analysis, June 2009, 978-0-470-77065-8 Stojmenovic: Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks: Algorithms and Protocols for Scalable Coordination and Data Communication, February 2010, 978-0-470-17082-3 Liu and Weiss, Wideband Beamforming: Concepts and Techniques, March 2010, 978-0-470-71392-1 Hart, Tao and Zhou: Mobile Multi-hop WiMAX: From Protocol to Performance, October 2010, 978-0-470-99399-6 Qian, Muller and Chen: Security in Wireless Networks and Systems, January 2011, 978-0-470-512128 SATELLITE SYSTEMS FOR PERSONAL APPLICATIONS CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGY Madhavendra Richharia Knowledge Space Ltd, UK Leslie David Westbrook QinetiQ Ltd, UK A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2010 © 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book, please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Richharia, M. (Madhavendra) Satellite systems for personal applications : concepts and technology / Madhavendra Richharia, Leslie Westbrook. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-71428-7 (cloth) 1. Artificial satellites in telecommunication. 2. Personal communication service systems. I. Westbrook, Leslie. II. Title. TK5104.R5323 2010 ′ 621.382 5 – dc22 2010003320 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-470-71428-7 (H/B) Typeset in 9/11pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and Bound in Singapore by Markano Contents About the Series Editors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Perspective 2 1.3 Background and Applications 3 1.3.1 Background 3 1.3.2 Applications 5 1.4 Trends 14 1.5 Overview of this Book 17 References 18 Part I BASIC CONCEPTS 19 2 Satellites and High-Altitude Platforms 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Satellites 22 2.2.1 Orbital Motion 22 2.2.2 Principal Types of Orbit 26 2.2.3 Position in Different Reference Frames 35 2.2.4 Satellite Bus 39 2.3 High-Altitude Platforms 41 2.3.1 Overview 41 2.3.2 Heavier-than-Air Platforms 43 2.3.3 Lighter-than-Air Platforms 44 2.3.4 Viability and Trade-offs 47 Revision Questions 48 References 48 3 Spectrum and Propagation 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Spectrum 52 3.2.1 Atmospheric Windows 52 3.2.2 Regulation and the ITU-R 54 vi Contents 3.3 Propagation 57 3.3.1 Impact of Propagation on Service Availability 58 3.3.2 Wave Propagation Fundamentals 59 3.3.3 Tropospheric Effects 64 3.3.4 Ionospheric Effects 77 3.3.5 Multipath 80 Revision Questions 85 References 85 4 Antennas and Noise 89 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Antennas 90 4.2.1 General Concepts 90 4.2.2 Antenna Properties 90 4.2.3 Transmission Between Two Antennas 99 4.2.4 Antennas for Personal Satellite Applications 100 4.2.5 Optical Antennas 111 4.3 Noise 113 4.3.1 Overview 113 4.3.2 Antenna Noise 114 4.3.3 Electronic Noise 117 4.3.4 System Noise 118 4.3.5 Signal-to-Noise Density and Receiver Figure of Merit 119 Revision Questions 121 References 121 5 Modulation and Coding 123 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Modulation 124 5.2.1 Modulation/Demodulation 124 5.2.2 Baseband Digital Signals 125 5.2.3 Binary Digital Modulation Schemes 134 5.2.4 Modulation Schemes for High Spectral Efficiency 138 5.2.5 Modulation Schemes for High Spectral Purity 142 5.2.6 Modulation Techniques for Frequency-Selective Channels 143 5.3 Error Control Coding 144 5.3.1 Overview 144 5.3.2 Linear Block Codes 146 5.3.3 Convolutional Codes 150 5.3.4 Interleaving and Code Concatenation 152 5.3.5 Turbo and LDPC Codes 153 5.3.6 Lower Bound on Code Performance 157 Revision Questions 158 References 158 6 Satellite Access and Networking 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Satellite Access 161 6.2.1 Single Access 161 6.2.2 Multiple-Access Methods 165 Contents vii 6.2.3 Random Access 166 6.2.4 FDM and FDMA 167 6.2.5 SDMA (Frequency Reuse) 172 6.2.6 TDM and TDMA 173 6.2.7 CDM and CDMA 176 6.3 Payloads 181 6.3.1 Unprocessed Payloads 181 6.3.2 Processed Payloads 182 6.4 Networks 184 6.4.1 Network Architectures 184 6.4.2 Network Models 185 Revision Questions 191 References 191 7 Doppler and Pseudorange (Navigation) 193 7.1 Introduction 193 7.2 Doppler 194 7.2.1 Doppler Shift 194 7.2.2 Position Location Using the Doppler Shift 194 7.3 Pseudoranging 198 7.3.1 Pseudorange 198 7.3.2 Position Determination Using Ranging 199 7.3.3 Accuracy and Dilution of Precision 205 7.3.4 Differential Positioning 207 Revision Questions 208 References 209 8 Compression, Speech, Audio and Video Encoding 211 8.1 Introduction 211 8.1.1 Why Digital? 212 8.2 Lossless Data Compression 212 8.2.1 Lossless versus Lossy Compression 213 8.2.2 Entropy Encoding 213 8.2.3 Dictionary Encoding 216 8.3 Digitizing Analogue Signals 217 8.3.1 Sampling 217 8.4 Speech Encoding 220 8.4.1 Waveform Encoding 220 8.4.2 Vocoders 220 8.5 Audio Encoding 224 8.5.1 Audio Source Encoding 224 8.5.2 Psychoacoustic Encoding 224 8.6 Video Encoding 226 8.6.1 Image Encoding 226 8.6.2 Lossy DCT Image Encoding 227 8.6.3 Encoding Video Signals 228 8.6.4 Motion Estimation 230 Revision Questions 232 References 232 viii Contents Part II TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS 235 9 Digital Broadcasting Techniques and Architectures 237 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 MPEG Multimedia Standards 238 9.2.1 Audio Broadcasting 238 9.2.2 Video Broadcasting 239 9.2.3 Multiplexing and Transporting 239 9.3 Direct-to-Home Broadcast System 240 9.3.1 Architecture 241 9.3.2 Transmission Standards 246 9.4 Direct Broadcasts to Individuals and Mobile Users 251 9.4.1 Architecture and Standards 256 9.5 Military 259 Revision Questions 260 References 261 10 Broadcast Systems 263 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Satellite Radio Systems 263 10.2.1 XM Satellite Radio Inc. 264 10.2.2 Sirius Satellite Radio 266 10.2.3 1worldspace 267 10.3 Direct Multimedia Broadcast 270 10.3.1 MBCO and TU Multimedia 271 10.3.2 European Initiatives 272 10.4 Direct-to-Home Television 273 10.4.1 Implementation Issues 273 10.4.2 DTH Services 276 10.4.3 Representative DTH Systems 276 10.4.4 European Region 277 10.4.5 United States 280 10.5 Military Multimedia Broadcasts 281 10.5.1 US Global Broadcast Service (GBS) 281 Revision Questions 284 References 284 11 Communications Architectures 287 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Role 287 11.2.1 Service Definition 288 11.3 Circuit-Switched Services 288 11.3.1 Quality of Service 288 11.4 Packet-Switched and Converged Services 290 11.4.1 Internet Protocol Suite 290 11.4.2 IP Over Satellite 292 11.4.3 ATM 294 11.4.4 DVB-RCS 295 11.5 Satellite Communications Networks 296 11.5.1 Topology 296 Contents ix 11.5.2 Network Connectivity, Functions and Interfaces 297 11.6 High-Altitude Platform Systems 301 11.6.1 Overview 301 11.6.2 HAP Applications 302 11.6.3 HAP Network Topology 303 11.6.4 Challenges 303 11.6.5 Technology Status 304 Revision Questions 305 References 305 12 Satellite Communications Systems 307 12.1 Introduction 307 12.2 Mobile Communications 308 12.2.1 GEO Broadband Systems 308 12.2.2 GEO Narrowband System 314 12.2.3 LEO Systems 318 12.3 Fixed Communications 325 12.3.1 GEO Broadband Systems 325 12.4 Military Communications 329 12.4.1 Military Portable Satellite Communications Systems 329 12.5 Amateur Communications 339 12.5.1 Overview 339 12.5.2 OSCAR Satellites 339 12.6 HAP Communications 343 12.6.1 EU Research Programmes 343 12.6.2 Commercial Initiatives 347 Revision Questions 348 References 349 13 Satellite Navigation Techniques 351 13.1 Introduction 351 13.2 Categorization 352 13.3 Doppler-Assisted Navigation 354 13.3.1 Errors and Countermeasures 356 13.4 Range-Assisted Navigation 357 13.4.1 Reference Frames 357 13.4.2 Error and Countermeasures 358 13.5 Satellite Augmentation System 362 13.6 Navigation–Communication Hybrid Architecture 364 13.7 Receiver Architecture 365 13.8 Distress, Safety and Location-Based Services 371 13.8.1 Distress and Safety Service 372 13.8.2 Location Based Service 374 Revision Questions 375 References 376 14 Navigation, Tracking and Safety Systems 379 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Global Navigation Satellite Systems 380 14.2.1 Global Positioning System (GPS) 380 x Contents 14.2.2 GLONASS 389 14.2.3 Galileo 390 14.2.4 Argos 396 14.3 Regional Navigation Systems 398 14.3.1 Beidou and Compass 398 14.3.2 Indian Regional Satellite System 398 14.4 Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems 399 14.4.1 Wide-Area Augmentation System 399 14.4.2 European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service 400 14.4.3 GAGAN 401 14.5 Distress and Safety 401 14.5.1 Cospas-Sarsat 402 14.5.2 Inmarsat Distress System 404 14.6 Location-Based service 405 Revision Questions 407 References 407 15 Remote Sensing Techniques 409 15.1 Introduction 409 15.2 Remote Sensing Data 411 15.3 Sensors 412 15.3.1 Overview 412 15.3.2 Optical Sensors: Cameras 414 15.3.3 Non-Optical Sensors 414 15.4 Image Processing 416 15.5 Image Interpretation 418 15.6 System Characteristics 418 Revision Questions 420 References 420 16 Remote Sensing Systems 421 16.1 Introduction 421 16.2 Commercial Imaging 424 16.2.1 DigitalGlobe 424 16.2.2 GeoEye 426 16.3 Meteorology 426 16.3.1 Meteosat 429 16.4 Land Observation 432 16.4.1 Landsat 433 Revision Questions 436 References 436 17 The Future 437 17.1 Introduction 437 17.2 Influences 438 17.3 Trend 440 17.4 The Long Term 446

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