Satellite Systems for Personal Applications: Concepts and Technology

464 Pages·2010·13.87 MB·English

by  Madhavendra Richharia, Leslie David Westbrook(auth.), Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, Yi Pan(eds.)

SATELLITE SYSTEMS
FOR PERSONAL
APPLICATIONS
Satellite Systems for P ersonal A pplications: Concepts and Technology Madhavendra Richharia and Leslie David Westbrook
© 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-71428-7
Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
Series Editors: Dr Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, University of Waterloo, Canada
Dr Yi Pan, Georgia State University, USA
The ‘Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing’ is a series of
comprehensive, practical and timely books on wireless communication and network systems. The
series focuses on topics ranging from wireless communication and coding theory to wireless
applications and pervasive computing. The books provide engineers and other technical
professionals, researchers, educators and advanced students in these fields with invaluable insight
into the latest developments and cutting-edge research
Other titles in the series:
Misic and Misic: Wireless Personal Area Networks: Performance, Interconnection, and Security with
IEEE 802.15.4 , Janyary 2008, 978-0-470-51847-2
Takagi and Walke: Spectrum Requirement Planning in Wireless Communications: Model and
Methodology for IMT-Advanced, April 2008, 978-0-470-98647-9
Pe´rez-Fonta´n and Espin˜eira: Modeling the Wireless Propagation Channel: A simulation approach
with MATLAB®, August 2008, 978-0-470-72785-0
Ippolito: Satellite communications Systems Engineering: Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design
and System Performance, August 2008, 978-0-470-72527-6
Lin and Sou: Charging for Mobile All-IP Telecommunications, September 2008, 978-0-470-77565-3
Myung and Goodman: Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air Interface for Long Term Evalution, October
2008, 978-0-470-72449-1
Wang, Kondi, Luthra and Ci: 4G Wireless Video Communications, April 2009, 978-0-470-77307-9
Cai, Shen and Mark: Multimedia Services in Wireless Internet: Modeling and Analysis, June 2009,
978-0-470-77065-8
Stojmenovic: Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks: Algorithms and Protocols for Scalable
Coordination and Data Communication, February 2010, 978-0-470-17082-3
Liu and Weiss, Wideband Beamforming: Concepts and Techniques, March 2010, 978-0-470-71392-1
Hart, Tao and Zhou: Mobile Multi-hop WiMAX: From Protocol to Performance, October 2010,
978-0-470-99399-6
Qian, Muller and Chen: Security in Wireless Networks and Systems, January 2011, 978-0-470-512128
SATELLITE SYSTEMS
FOR PERSONAL
APPLICATIONS
CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGY
Madhavendra Richharia
Knowledge Space Ltd, UK
Leslie David Westbrook
QinetiQ Ltd, UK
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition first published 2010
© 2010 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Richharia, M. (Madhavendra)
Satellite systems for personal applications : concepts and technology / Madhavendra Richharia, Leslie Westbrook.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-71428-7 (cloth)
1. Artificial satellites in telecommunication. 2. Personal communication service systems. I. Westbrook, Leslie. II. Title.
TK5104.R5323 2010
′
621.382 5 – dc22
2010003320
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-470-71428-7 (H/B)
Typeset in 9/11pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
Printed and Bound in Singapore by Markano
Contents
About the Series Editors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Perspective 2
1.3 Background and Applications 3
1.3.1 Background 3
1.3.2 Applications 5
1.4 Trends 14
1.5 Overview of this Book 17
References 18
Part I BASIC CONCEPTS 19
2 Satellites and High-Altitude Platforms 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Satellites 22
2.2.1 Orbital Motion 22
2.2.2 Principal Types of Orbit 26
2.2.3 Position in Different Reference Frames 35
2.2.4 Satellite Bus 39
2.3 High-Altitude Platforms 41
2.3.1 Overview 41
2.3.2 Heavier-than-Air Platforms 43
2.3.3 Lighter-than-Air Platforms 44
2.3.4 Viability and Trade-offs 47
Revision Questions 48
References 48
3 Spectrum and Propagation 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Spectrum 52
3.2.1 Atmospheric Windows 52
3.2.2 Regulation and the ITU-R 54
vi Contents
3.3 Propagation 57
3.3.1 Impact of Propagation on Service Availability 58
3.3.2 Wave Propagation Fundamentals 59
3.3.3 Tropospheric Effects 64
3.3.4 Ionospheric Effects 77
3.3.5 Multipath 80
Revision Questions 85
References 85
4 Antennas and Noise 89
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Antennas 90
4.2.1 General Concepts 90
4.2.2 Antenna Properties 90
4.2.3 Transmission Between Two Antennas 99
4.2.4 Antennas for Personal Satellite Applications 100
4.2.5 Optical Antennas 111
4.3 Noise 113
4.3.1 Overview 113
4.3.2 Antenna Noise 114
4.3.3 Electronic Noise 117
4.3.4 System Noise 118
4.3.5 Signal-to-Noise Density and Receiver Figure of Merit 119
Revision Questions 121
References 121
5 Modulation and Coding 123
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 Modulation 124
5.2.1 Modulation/Demodulation 124
5.2.2 Baseband Digital Signals 125
5.2.3 Binary Digital Modulation Schemes 134
5.2.4 Modulation Schemes for High Spectral Efficiency 138
5.2.5 Modulation Schemes for High Spectral Purity 142
5.2.6 Modulation Techniques for Frequency-Selective Channels 143
5.3 Error Control Coding 144
5.3.1 Overview 144
5.3.2 Linear Block Codes 146
5.3.3 Convolutional Codes 150
5.3.4 Interleaving and Code Concatenation 152
5.3.5 Turbo and LDPC Codes 153
5.3.6 Lower Bound on Code Performance 157
Revision Questions 158
References 158
6 Satellite Access and Networking 161
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Satellite Access 161
6.2.1 Single Access 161
6.2.2 Multiple-Access Methods 165
Contents vii
6.2.3 Random Access 166
6.2.4 FDM and FDMA 167
6.2.5 SDMA (Frequency Reuse) 172
6.2.6 TDM and TDMA 173
6.2.7 CDM and CDMA 176
6.3 Payloads 181
6.3.1 Unprocessed Payloads 181
6.3.2 Processed Payloads 182
6.4 Networks 184
6.4.1 Network Architectures 184
6.4.2 Network Models 185
Revision Questions 191
References 191
7 Doppler and Pseudorange (Navigation) 193
7.1 Introduction 193
7.2 Doppler 194
7.2.1 Doppler Shift 194
7.2.2 Position Location Using the Doppler Shift 194
7.3 Pseudoranging 198
7.3.1 Pseudorange 198
7.3.2 Position Determination Using Ranging 199
7.3.3 Accuracy and Dilution of Precision 205
7.3.4 Differential Positioning 207
Revision Questions 208
References 209
8 Compression, Speech, Audio and Video Encoding 211
8.1 Introduction 211
8.1.1 Why Digital? 212
8.2 Lossless Data Compression 212
8.2.1 Lossless versus Lossy Compression 213
8.2.2 Entropy Encoding 213
8.2.3 Dictionary Encoding 216
8.3 Digitizing Analogue Signals 217
8.3.1 Sampling 217
8.4 Speech Encoding 220
8.4.1 Waveform Encoding 220
8.4.2 Vocoders 220
8.5 Audio Encoding 224
8.5.1 Audio Source Encoding 224
8.5.2 Psychoacoustic Encoding 224
8.6 Video Encoding 226
8.6.1 Image Encoding 226
8.6.2 Lossy DCT Image Encoding 227
8.6.3 Encoding Video Signals 228
8.6.4 Motion Estimation 230
Revision Questions 232
References 232
viii Contents
Part II TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS 235
9 Digital Broadcasting Techniques and Architectures 237
9.1 Introduction 237
9.2 MPEG Multimedia Standards 238
9.2.1 Audio Broadcasting 238
9.2.2 Video Broadcasting 239
9.2.3 Multiplexing and Transporting 239
9.3 Direct-to-Home Broadcast System 240
9.3.1 Architecture 241
9.3.2 Transmission Standards 246
9.4 Direct Broadcasts to Individuals and Mobile Users 251
9.4.1 Architecture and Standards 256
9.5 Military 259
Revision Questions 260
References 261
10 Broadcast Systems 263
10.1 Introduction 263
10.2 Satellite Radio Systems 263
10.2.1 XM Satellite Radio Inc. 264
10.2.2 Sirius Satellite Radio 266
10.2.3 1worldspace 267
10.3 Direct Multimedia Broadcast 270
10.3.1 MBCO and TU Multimedia 271
10.3.2 European Initiatives 272
10.4 Direct-to-Home Television 273
10.4.1 Implementation Issues 273
10.4.2 DTH Services 276
10.4.3 Representative DTH Systems 276
10.4.4 European Region 277
10.4.5 United States 280
10.5 Military Multimedia Broadcasts 281
10.5.1 US Global Broadcast Service (GBS) 281
Revision Questions 284
References 284
11 Communications Architectures 287
11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Role 287
11.2.1 Service Definition 288
11.3 Circuit-Switched Services 288
11.3.1 Quality of Service 288
11.4 Packet-Switched and Converged Services 290
11.4.1 Internet Protocol Suite 290
11.4.2 IP Over Satellite 292
11.4.3 ATM 294
11.4.4 DVB-RCS 295
11.5 Satellite Communications Networks 296
11.5.1 Topology 296
Contents ix
11.5.2 Network Connectivity, Functions and Interfaces 297
11.6 High-Altitude Platform Systems 301
11.6.1 Overview 301
11.6.2 HAP Applications 302
11.6.3 HAP Network Topology 303
11.6.4 Challenges 303
11.6.5 Technology Status 304
Revision Questions 305
References 305
12 Satellite Communications Systems 307
12.1 Introduction 307
12.2 Mobile Communications 308
12.2.1 GEO Broadband Systems 308
12.2.2 GEO Narrowband System 314
12.2.3 LEO Systems 318
12.3 Fixed Communications 325
12.3.1 GEO Broadband Systems 325
12.4 Military Communications 329
12.4.1 Military Portable Satellite Communications Systems 329
12.5 Amateur Communications 339
12.5.1 Overview 339
12.5.2 OSCAR Satellites 339
12.6 HAP Communications 343
12.6.1 EU Research Programmes 343
12.6.2 Commercial Initiatives 347
Revision Questions 348
References 349
13 Satellite Navigation Techniques 351
13.1 Introduction 351
13.2 Categorization 352
13.3 Doppler-Assisted Navigation 354
13.3.1 Errors and Countermeasures 356
13.4 Range-Assisted Navigation 357
13.4.1 Reference Frames 357
13.4.2 Error and Countermeasures 358
13.5 Satellite Augmentation System 362
13.6 Navigation–Communication Hybrid Architecture 364
13.7 Receiver Architecture 365
13.8 Distress, Safety and Location-Based Services 371
13.8.1 Distress and Safety Service 372
13.8.2 Location Based Service 374
Revision Questions 375
References 376
14 Navigation, Tracking and Safety Systems 379
14.1 Introduction 379
14.2 Global Navigation Satellite Systems 380
14.2.1 Global Positioning System (GPS) 380
x Contents
14.2.2 GLONASS 389
14.2.3 Galileo 390
14.2.4 Argos 396
14.3 Regional Navigation Systems 398
14.3.1 Beidou and Compass 398
14.3.2 Indian Regional Satellite System 398
14.4 Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems 399
14.4.1 Wide-Area Augmentation System 399
14.4.2 European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service 400
14.4.3 GAGAN 401
14.5 Distress and Safety 401
14.5.1 Cospas-Sarsat 402
14.5.2 Inmarsat Distress System 404
14.6 Location-Based service 405
Revision Questions 407
References 407
15 Remote Sensing Techniques 409
15.1 Introduction 409
15.2 Remote Sensing Data 411
15.3 Sensors 412
15.3.1 Overview 412
15.3.2 Optical Sensors: Cameras 414
15.3.3 Non-Optical Sensors 414
15.4 Image Processing 416
15.5 Image Interpretation 418
15.6 System Characteristics 418
Revision Questions 420
References 420
16 Remote Sensing Systems 421
16.1 Introduction 421
16.2 Commercial Imaging 424
16.2.1 DigitalGlobe 424
16.2.2 GeoEye 426
16.3 Meteorology 426
16.3.1 Meteosat 429
16.4 Land Observation 432
16.4.1 Landsat 433
Revision Questions 436
References 436
17 The Future 437
17.1 Introduction 437
17.2 Influences 438
17.3 Trend 440
17.4 The Long Term 446