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Satellite Communications Systems Engineering PDF

397 Pages·2008·13.99 MB·English
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Satellite Communications Systems Engineering Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and System Performance LouisJ.Ippolito,Jr. ITTAdvancedEngineering&Sciences,USA,and TheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,Washington,DC,USA A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication Satellite Communications Systems Engineering WileySeriesonWirelessCommunicationsandMobileComputing SeriesEditors:DrXuemin(Sherman)Shen,UniversityofWaterloo,Canada DrYiPan,GeorgiaStateUniversity,USA The‘WileySeriesonWirelessCommunicationsandMobileComputing’isaseriesof comprehensive,practicalandtimelybooksonwirelesscommunicationandnetworksystems. Theseriesfocusesontopicsrangingfromwirelesscommunicationandcodingtheoryto wirelessapplicationsandpervasivecomputing.Thebooksofferengineersandother technicalprofessionals,researchers,educators,andadvancedstudentsinthesefields invaluableinsightintothelatestdevelopmentsandcutting-edgeresearch. Othertitlesintheseries: Mišic´ andMišic´:WirelessPersonalAreaNetworks:Performance,Interconnection,and SecuritywithIEEE802.15.4,January2008,978-0-470-51847-2 TakagiandWalke:SpectrumRequirementPlanninginWirelessCommunications:Modeland MethodologyforIMT-Advanced,March2008,978-0-470-98647-9 PérezFontánandMarin˜oEspin˜eira:ModelingtheWirelessPropagationChannel: AsimulationapproachwithMATLAB®,August2008,978-0-470-72785-0 LinandSou:ChargingforAll-IPTelecommunications,September2008,978-0-470-77565-3 Myung:SingleCarrierFDMA:ANewAirInterfaceforLongTermEvolution,November 2008,978-0-470-72449-1 Hart,Tao,Zhou:IEEE802.16jMobileMultihopRelay,March2009,978-0-470-99399-6 Stojmenovic:WirelessSensorandActuatorNetworks:AlgorithmsandProtocolsforScalable CoordinationandDataCommunication,August2009,978-0-470-17082-3 Qian,Muller,Chen:SecurityinWirelessNetworksandSystems,May2009, 978-0-470-51212-8 Wang,Kondi,Luthra,Ci:4GWirelessVideoCommunications,May2009, 978-0-470-77307-9 Cai,Shen,Mark:MultimediaforWirelessInternet–ModelingandAnalysis,May2009, 978-0-470-77065-8 Satellite Communications Systems Engineering Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and System Performance LouisJ.Ippolito,Jr. ITTAdvancedEngineering&Sciences,USA,and TheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,Washington,DC,USA A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication Thiseditionfirstpublished2008 ©2008JohnWiley&SonsLtd Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. Therightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted, inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermitted bytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnames andproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.This publicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered. Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessional adviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Ippolito,LouisJ. Satellitecommunicationssystemsengineering:atmosphericeffects,satellitelinkdesign,andsystem performance/LouisJ.Ippolito. p. cm.—(Wileyseriesonwirelesscommunicationsandmobilecomputing) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-72527-6(cloth) 1. Artificialsatellitesintelecommunication. I. Title. TK5104.I6742008 621.382(cid:2)5—dc22 2008013166 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN978-0-470-72527-6(HB) Setin10/12ptTimesbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,India PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd,Singapore. Contents ListofAcronyms xi Preface xvii Chapter1 IntroductiontoSatelliteCommunications 1 1.1 EarlyHistoryofSatelliteCommunications 3 1.2 SomeBasicCommunicationsSatelliteSystemDefinitions 8 1.2.1 SatelliteCommunicationsSegments 9 1.2.2 SatelliteLinkParameters 10 1.2.3 SatelliteOrbits 11 1.2.4 FrequencyBandDesignations 12 1.3 RegulatoryProcessforSatelliteCommunications 14 1.4 OverviewofBookStructureandTopics 16 References 17 Chapter2 SatelliteOrbits 19 2.1 Kepler’sLaws 20 2.2 OrbitalParameters 22 2.3 OrbitsinCommonUse 25 2.3.1 GeostationaryOrbit 25 2.3.2 LowEarthOrbit 27 2.3.3 MediumEarthOrbit 28 2.3.4 HighlyEllipticalOrbit 28 2.3.5 PolarOrbit 29 2.4 GeometryofGSOLinks 30 2.4.1 RangetoSatellite 31 2.4.2 ElevationAngletoSatellite 32 2.4.3 AzimuthAngletoSatellite 32 2.4.4 SampleCalculation 34 References 35 Problems 36 Chapter3 SatelliteSubsystems 37 3.1 SatelliteBus 39 3.1.1 PhysicalStructure 39 3.1.2 PowerSubsystem 40 3.1.3 AttitudeControl 41 3.1.4 OrbitalControl 42 3.1.5 ThermalControl 44 3.1.6 Tracking,Telemetry,Command,andMonitoring 44 vi CONTENTS 3.2 SatellitePayload 46 3.2.1 Transponder 46 3.2.2 Antennas 49 References 50 Chapter4 TheRFLink 51 4.1 TransmissionFundamentals 51 4.1.1 EffectiveIsotropicRadiatedPower 53 4.1.2 PowerFluxDensity 53 4.1.3 AntennaGain 54 4.1.4 Free-SpacePathLoss 57 4.1.5 BasicLinkEquationforReceivedPower 59 4.2 SystemNoise 61 4.2.1 NoiseFigure 63 4.2.2 NoiseTemperature 65 4.2.3 SystemNoiseTemperature 68 4.2.4 FigureofMerit 72 4.3 LinkPerformanceParameters 73 4.3.1 Carrier-to-NoiseRatio 73 4.3.2 Carrier-to-NoiseDensity 74 4.3.3 Energy-Per-BittoNoiseDensity 75 References 75 Problems 75 Chapter5 LinkSystemPerformance 77 5.1 LinkConsiderations 77 5.1.1 FixedAntennaSizeLink 78 5.1.2 FixedAntennaGainLink 79 5.1.3 FixedAntennaGain,FixedAntennaSizeLink 80 5.2 Uplink 81 5.2.1 MultipleCarrierOperation 83 5.3 Downlink 84 5.4 PercentofTimePerformanceSpecifications 84 References 86 Problems 87 Chapter6 TransmissionImpairments 89 6.1 RadiowaveFrequencyandSpaceCommunications 89 6.2 RadiowavePropagationMechanisms 91 6.3 PropagationBelowAbout3GHz 93 6.3.1 IonosphericScintillation 97 6.3.2 PolarizationRotation 99 6.3.3 GroupDelay 99 6.3.4 Dispersion 100 6.4 PropagationAboveAbout3GHz 102 6.4.1 RainAttenuation 103 6.4.2 GaseousAttenuation 107 6.4.3 CloudandFogAttenuation 108 CONTENTS vii 6.4.4 Depolarization 111 6.4.5 TroposphericScintillation 117 6.5 RadioNoise 121 6.5.1 SpecificationofRadioNoise 121 6.5.2 NoisefromAtmosphericGases 123 6.5.3 SkyNoiseduetoRain 124 6.5.4 SkyNoiseduetoClouds 126 6.5.5 NoisefromExtra-TerrestrialSources 129 References 136 Problems 137 Chapter7 PropagationEffectsModelingandPrediction 139 7.1 AtmosphericGases 139 7.1.1 LeibeComplexRefractivityModel 140 7.1.2 ITU-RGaseousAttenuationModels 141 7.2 CloudsandFog 153 7.2.1 ITU-RCloudAttenuationModel 154 7.2.2 SlobinCloudModel 155 7.3 RainAttenuation 163 7.3.1 ITU-RRainAttenuationModel 164 7.3.2 CraneRainAttenuationModels 177 7.4 Depolarization 189 7.4.1 RainDepolarizationModeling 190 7.4.2 IceDepolarizationModeling 191 7.5 TroposphericScintillation 196 7.5.1 KarasawaScintillationModel 196 7.5.2 ITU-RScintillationModel 199 7.5.3 VanDeKampCloudScintillationModel 201 References 203 Problems 204 Chapter8 RainFadeMitigation 207 8.1 PowerRestoralTechniques 207 8.1.1 BeamDiversity 208 8.1.2 PowerControl 209 8.1.3 SiteDiversity 214 8.1.4 OrbitDiversity 232 8.2 SignalModificationRestoralTechniques 235 8.2.1 FrequencyDiversity 235 8.2.2 BandwidthReduction 236 8.2.3 Time-DelayedTransmissionDiversity 236 8.2.4 AdaptiveCodingandModulation 236 8.3 Summary 237 References 237 Problems 238 Chapter9 TheCompositeLink 241 9.1 FrequencyTranslation(FT)Satellite 243 9.1.1 Uplink 243 9.1.2 Downlink 244

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