Satellite Communications Systems Engineering

397 Pages·2008·13.99 MB·English

by  Louis J. Ippolito

Satellite
Communications
Systems Engineering
Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design
and System Performance
LouisJ.Ippolito,Jr.
ITTAdvancedEngineering&Sciences,USA,and
TheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,Washington,DC,USA
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication

Satellite Communications
Systems Engineering
WileySeriesonWirelessCommunicationsandMobileComputing
SeriesEditors:DrXuemin(Sherman)Shen,UniversityofWaterloo,Canada
DrYiPan,GeorgiaStateUniversity,USA
The‘WileySeriesonWirelessCommunicationsandMobileComputing’isaseriesof
comprehensive,practicalandtimelybooksonwirelesscommunicationandnetworksystems.
Theseriesfocusesontopicsrangingfromwirelesscommunicationandcodingtheoryto
wirelessapplicationsandpervasivecomputing.Thebooksofferengineersandother
technicalprofessionals,researchers,educators,andadvancedstudentsinthesefields
invaluableinsightintothelatestdevelopmentsandcutting-edgeresearch.
Othertitlesintheseries:
Mišic´ andMišic´:WirelessPersonalAreaNetworks:Performance,Interconnection,and
SecuritywithIEEE802.15.4,January2008,978-0-470-51847-2
TakagiandWalke:SpectrumRequirementPlanninginWirelessCommunications:Modeland
MethodologyforIMT-Advanced,March2008,978-0-470-98647-9
PérezFontánandMarin˜oEspin˜eira:ModelingtheWirelessPropagationChannel:
AsimulationapproachwithMATLAB®,August2008,978-0-470-72785-0
LinandSou:ChargingforAll-IPTelecommunications,September2008,978-0-470-77565-3
Myung:SingleCarrierFDMA:ANewAirInterfaceforLongTermEvolution,November
2008,978-0-470-72449-1
Hart,Tao,Zhou:IEEE802.16jMobileMultihopRelay,March2009,978-0-470-99399-6
Stojmenovic:WirelessSensorandActuatorNetworks:AlgorithmsandProtocolsforScalable
CoordinationandDataCommunication,August2009,978-0-470-17082-3
Qian,Muller,Chen:SecurityinWirelessNetworksandSystems,May2009,
978-0-470-51212-8
Wang,Kondi,Luthra,Ci:4GWirelessVideoCommunications,May2009,
978-0-470-77307-9
Cai,Shen,Mark:MultimediaforWirelessInternet–ModelingandAnalysis,May2009,
978-0-470-77065-8
Satellite
Communications
Systems Engineering
Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design
and System Performance
LouisJ.Ippolito,Jr.
ITTAdvancedEngineering&Sciences,USA,and
TheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,Washington,DC,USA
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished2008
©2008JohnWiley&SonsLtd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Ippolito,LouisJ.
Satellitecommunicationssystemsengineering:atmosphericeffects,satellitelinkdesign,andsystem
performance/LouisJ.Ippolito.
p. cm.—(Wileyseriesonwirelesscommunicationsandmobilecomputing)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-72527-6(cloth)
1. Artificialsatellitesintelecommunication. I. Title.
TK5104.I6742008
621.382(cid:2)5—dc22
2008013166
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN978-0-470-72527-6(HB)
Setin10/12ptTimesbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,India
PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd,Singapore.
Contents
ListofAcronyms xi
Preface xvii
Chapter1 IntroductiontoSatelliteCommunications 1
1.1 EarlyHistoryofSatelliteCommunications 3
1.2 SomeBasicCommunicationsSatelliteSystemDefinitions 8
1.2.1 SatelliteCommunicationsSegments 9
1.2.2 SatelliteLinkParameters 10
1.2.3 SatelliteOrbits 11
1.2.4 FrequencyBandDesignations 12
1.3 RegulatoryProcessforSatelliteCommunications 14
1.4 OverviewofBookStructureandTopics 16
References 17
Chapter2 SatelliteOrbits 19
2.1 Kepler’sLaws 20
2.2 OrbitalParameters 22
2.3 OrbitsinCommonUse 25
2.3.1 GeostationaryOrbit 25
2.3.2 LowEarthOrbit 27
2.3.3 MediumEarthOrbit 28
2.3.4 HighlyEllipticalOrbit 28
2.3.5 PolarOrbit 29
2.4 GeometryofGSOLinks 30
2.4.1 RangetoSatellite 31
2.4.2 ElevationAngletoSatellite 32
2.4.3 AzimuthAngletoSatellite 32
2.4.4 SampleCalculation 34
References 35
Problems 36
Chapter3 SatelliteSubsystems 37
3.1 SatelliteBus 39
3.1.1 PhysicalStructure 39
3.1.2 PowerSubsystem 40
3.1.3 AttitudeControl 41
3.1.4 OrbitalControl 42
3.1.5 ThermalControl 44
3.1.6 Tracking,Telemetry,Command,andMonitoring 44
vi CONTENTS
3.2 SatellitePayload 46
3.2.1 Transponder 46
3.2.2 Antennas 49
References 50
Chapter4 TheRFLink 51
4.1 TransmissionFundamentals 51
4.1.1 EffectiveIsotropicRadiatedPower 53
4.1.2 PowerFluxDensity 53
4.1.3 AntennaGain 54
4.1.4 Free-SpacePathLoss 57
4.1.5 BasicLinkEquationforReceivedPower 59
4.2 SystemNoise 61
4.2.1 NoiseFigure 63
4.2.2 NoiseTemperature 65
4.2.3 SystemNoiseTemperature 68
4.2.4 FigureofMerit 72
4.3 LinkPerformanceParameters 73
4.3.1 Carrier-to-NoiseRatio 73
4.3.2 Carrier-to-NoiseDensity 74
4.3.3 Energy-Per-BittoNoiseDensity 75
References 75
Problems 75
Chapter5 LinkSystemPerformance 77
5.1 LinkConsiderations 77
5.1.1 FixedAntennaSizeLink 78
5.1.2 FixedAntennaGainLink 79
5.1.3 FixedAntennaGain,FixedAntennaSizeLink 80
5.2 Uplink 81
5.2.1 MultipleCarrierOperation 83
5.3 Downlink 84
5.4 PercentofTimePerformanceSpecifications 84
References 86
Problems 87
Chapter6 TransmissionImpairments 89
6.1 RadiowaveFrequencyandSpaceCommunications 89
6.2 RadiowavePropagationMechanisms 91
6.3 PropagationBelowAbout3GHz 93
6.3.1 IonosphericScintillation 97
6.3.2 PolarizationRotation 99
6.3.3 GroupDelay 99
6.3.4 Dispersion 100
6.4 PropagationAboveAbout3GHz 102
6.4.1 RainAttenuation 103
6.4.2 GaseousAttenuation 107
6.4.3 CloudandFogAttenuation 108
CONTENTS vii
6.4.4 Depolarization 111
6.4.5 TroposphericScintillation 117
6.5 RadioNoise 121
6.5.1 SpecificationofRadioNoise 121
6.5.2 NoisefromAtmosphericGases 123
6.5.3 SkyNoiseduetoRain 124
6.5.4 SkyNoiseduetoClouds 126
6.5.5 NoisefromExtra-TerrestrialSources 129
References 136
Problems 137
Chapter7 PropagationEffectsModelingandPrediction 139
7.1 AtmosphericGases 139
7.1.1 LeibeComplexRefractivityModel 140
7.1.2 ITU-RGaseousAttenuationModels 141
7.2 CloudsandFog 153
7.2.1 ITU-RCloudAttenuationModel 154
7.2.2 SlobinCloudModel 155
7.3 RainAttenuation 163
7.3.1 ITU-RRainAttenuationModel 164
7.3.2 CraneRainAttenuationModels 177
7.4 Depolarization 189
7.4.1 RainDepolarizationModeling 190
7.4.2 IceDepolarizationModeling 191
7.5 TroposphericScintillation 196
7.5.1 KarasawaScintillationModel 196
7.5.2 ITU-RScintillationModel 199
7.5.3 VanDeKampCloudScintillationModel 201
References 203
Problems 204
Chapter8 RainFadeMitigation 207
8.1 PowerRestoralTechniques 207
8.1.1 BeamDiversity 208
8.1.2 PowerControl 209
8.1.3 SiteDiversity 214
8.1.4 OrbitDiversity 232
8.2 SignalModificationRestoralTechniques 235
8.2.1 FrequencyDiversity 235
8.2.2 BandwidthReduction 236
8.2.3 Time-DelayedTransmissionDiversity 236
8.2.4 AdaptiveCodingandModulation 236
8.3 Summary 237
References 237
Problems 238
Chapter9 TheCompositeLink 241
9.1 FrequencyTranslation(FT)Satellite 243
9.1.1 Uplink 243
9.1.2 Downlink 244