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Satellite Communications Systems: Design Principles PDF

416 Pages·1995·18.778 MB·English
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Satellite Communications Systems Macmillan New Electronics Series Series Editor: Paul A. Lynn G.J. Awcock and R. Thomas, Applied Image Processing Rodney F.W. Coates, Underwater Acoustic Systems M.D. Edwards, Automatic Logic Synthesis Techniques for Digital Systems P.J. Fish, Electronic Noise and Low Noise Design W. Forsythe and R.M. Goodall, Digital Control C.G. Guy, Data Communications for Engineers Paul A. Lynn, Digital Signals, Processors and Noise Paul A. Lynn, Radar Systems R.C.V. Macario, Cellular Radio - Principles and Design A.F. Murray and H.M. Reekie, Integrated Circuit Design F.J. Owens, Signal Processing of Speech Dennis N. Pim, Television and Teletext M. Richharia, Satellite Communications Systems - Design Principles M.J.N. Sibley, Optical Communications, second edition P.M. Taylor, Robotic Control G.S. Virk, Digital Computer Control Systems Allan Waters, Active Filter Design Series Standing Order If you would like to receive future titles as they are published, you can make use of our standing order facility. To place a standing order please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address and the name of the series. Please state with which title you wish to begin your standing order. (If you live outside the United Kingdom we may not have the rights for your area, in which case we will forward your order to the publisher concerned.) Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 2XS, England. Satellite Communications Systems Design Principles M. Richharia BSc(Eng), MSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, MIEE Macmillan New Electronics Introductions to Advanced Topics ~ MACMILLAN © M. Richharia 1995 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1995 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representative throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-51420-7 ISBN 978-1-349-11237-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-11237-1 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Acknowledgements The author and publishers wish to thank the following for permission to use copyright ma terial: AT&T Bell Laboratories for Fig. 3.4, from T. S. Chu, 'Rain-induced cross-polarization at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths', Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 53, No.8, October 1974, pp 1557-79. Copyright © 1974 AT&T. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. for Fig. 3.5, from H. W. Arnold, D. C. Cox, H. H. Hoffman and R. P. Leek, 'Characteristics of rain and ice depolarisation for 19 & GH propagation paths from a COMSTAR satellite', IEEE Transactions Antenna and Propagation, Vol. AP-28, pp 22-8, January 1980. Copyright © 1980 IEEE; Fig. 8.14, from S. S. Lam, 'Satellite multiaccess schemes for data traffic', International Conference on Com munications, Vol. 111, June 12-15, 1977, Fig. 1. Copyright© 1977 IEEE; Fig. 8.16, from V. O. K. Li, 'Multiple access communications networks', IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 25, No.6, 1987, Fig. 2. Copyright © 1987 IEEE; Fig. 3.2, from L. J. Ippolito, 'Radio propagation of space communication systems', Proc. IEEE, Vol. 69, No.6, June 1981, Fig. 8. Copyright © 1981 IEEE: and Fig. 6.5, from M. P. Ristenbatt, 'Alternatives in digital communications', Proc. IEEE, Vol. 61, June 1973, Fig. 5. International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) for Fig. 9.6, from T. Abdei-Nabi, E. Koh and D. Kennedy, 'INTELSAT VII communications capabillities and performance', AIAA 13th International Communication Satellite Conference, March, Paper AIAA-90-0787-CP, pp 84-94. International Telecommunication Union for Figs 3.1 and 5.2 taken from their CCIR Re port 390-4, p 221 and p 103. Copyright © International Telecommunication Union. Com plete volumes of the ITU material can be obtained from International Telecommunication Union, General Secretariat - Sales and Marketing Service, Place des Nations, CH-1211 Ge neva 20. John Wiley and Sons Ltd for Fig. 9.19, from W. L. Pritchard, 'Estimating the mass and power of communication satellites', International Journal of Satellite Communications, Vol. 2, 1984, Fig. 2. Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvert ently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first opportunity. To my parents Contents Series Editor's Foreword X Preface XI 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Background 2 1.3 Basic satellite system 4 1.4 System design considerations 8 1.5 Applications 10 1.6 Future trends 12 1. 7 Some important milestones in the development of satellite communications 13 References 15 2 Satellite Orbits 16 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Laws governing satellite motion 16 2.3 Useful concepts 18 2.4 Satellite path in space 24 2.5 Corrections to simplified model 29 2.6 Geostationary satellites 35 2.7 Launching of geostationary satellites 43 Problems 47 References 48 3 Frequency and Propagation Considerations 50 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Equitable use of radio spectrum 51 3.3 Propagation considerations 54 Problems 75 References 76 4 Communication Link Design 78 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 Antenna basics 79 4.3 Transmission equation 84 4.4 Noise considerations 88 4.5 Link design 100 Vll viii Contents Problems 114 References 115 5 Modulation 117 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 System consideration 118 5.3 Linear modulation schemes 119 5.4 Frequency modulation 123 5.5 Digital modulation schemes 137 5.6 Selection of modulation 153 Problems 156 References 158 6 Coding 159 6.1 Information theory basics 159 6.2 Coding - background 162 6.3 Classification of codes 165 6.4 Coding gain 179 6.5 Automatic-repeat-request 179 6.6 Selection of coding 182 6.7 Summary of coding 185 Problems 186 References 187 7 Baseband Signals 188 7.1 Data 189 7.2 Telephony 195 7.3 Television signals 206 7.4 Multiplexing of baseband signals 207 7.5 Traffic considerations 210 Problems 213 References 214 8 Multiple Access Techniques 215 8.1 Introduction 215 8.2 Frequency division multiple access 216 8.3 Time division multiple access 227 8.4 FDMA{fDMA operation in multiple beam environment 233 8.5 Code division multiple access 234 8.6 Access protocols for data traffic 245 8.7 Multiple access examples 254 8.8 Future trends 257 Problems 257 References 259 Contents ix 9 Communication Satellites 261 9.1 Introduction 261 9.2 Design considerations 262 9.3 Lifetime and reliability 265 9.4 Spacecraft sub-systems 269 9.5 Spacecraft mass and power estimations 301 9.6 Space segment cost estimates 308 9.7 Spacecraft development programme 309 Problems 310 References 312 10 Earth Stations 313 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 Design considerations 313 10.3 General configuration 316 10.4 Characteristics 335 Problems 350 References 351 11 Future Trends 353 11.1 Introduction 353 11.2 Influencing factors 355 11.3 Future applications 355 11.4 Technology trends 363 11.5 Advanced concepts 366 11.6 Experiment programmes 371 Problems 372 References 373 Appendix A: Useful data 375 Appendix B: Useful orbit-related formulas 376 Index 395 Series Editor's Foreword The rapid development of electronics and its engineering applications ensures that new topics are always competing for a place in university and polytechnic courses. But it is often difficult for lecturers to find suitable books for recommendation to students, particularly when a topic is covered by a short lecture module, or as an 'option'. Macmillan New Electronics offers introductions to advanced topics. The level is generally that of second and subsequent years of undergraduate courses in electronic and electrical engineering, computer science and physics. Some of the authors will paint with a broad brush; others will concentrate on a narrower topic, and cover it in greater detail. But in all cases the titles in the Series will provide a sound basis for further reading in the specialist litera ture, and an up-to-date appreciation of practical applications and likely trends. The level, scope and approach of the Series should also appeal to practis ing engineers and scientists encountering an area of electronics for the first time, or needing a rapid and authoritative update. Paul A. Lynn X

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