Satellite Communications Systems: Design Principles

416 Pages·1995·18.778 MB·English

by  M. Richharia BSc(Eng), MSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, MIEE (auth.)

Satellite Communications Systems
Macmillan New Electronics Series
Series Editor: Paul A. Lynn
G.J. Awcock and R. Thomas, Applied Image Processing
Rodney F.W. Coates, Underwater Acoustic Systems
M.D. Edwards, Automatic Logic Synthesis Techniques for Digital Systems
P.J. Fish, Electronic Noise and Low Noise Design
W. Forsythe and R.M. Goodall, Digital Control
C.G. Guy, Data Communications for Engineers
Paul A. Lynn, Digital Signals, Processors and Noise
Paul A. Lynn, Radar Systems
R.C.V. Macario, Cellular Radio - Principles and Design
A.F. Murray and H.M. Reekie, Integrated Circuit Design
F.J. Owens, Signal Processing of Speech
Dennis N. Pim, Television and Teletext
M. Richharia, Satellite Communications Systems - Design Principles
M.J.N. Sibley, Optical Communications, second edition
P.M. Taylor, Robotic Control
G.S. Virk, Digital Computer Control Systems
Allan Waters, Active Filter Design
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Satellite
Communications
Systems
Design Principles
M. Richharia
BSc(Eng), MSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, MIEE
Macmillan New Electronics
Introductions to Advanced Topics
~
MACMILLAN
© M. Richharia 1995
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be
made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with
written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by
the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
First published 1995 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and
representative throughout the world
ISBN 978-0-333-51420-7 ISBN 978-1-349-11237-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-11237-1
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Acknowledgements
The author and publishers wish to thank the following for permission to use copyright ma
terial:
AT&T Bell Laboratories for Fig. 3.4, from T. S. Chu, 'Rain-induced cross-polarization at
centimeter and millimeter wavelengths', Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 53, No.8, October
1974, pp 1557-79. Copyright © 1974 AT&T.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. for Fig. 3.5, from H. W. Arnold,
D. C. Cox, H. H. Hoffman and R. P. Leek, 'Characteristics of rain and ice depolarisation for
19 & GH propagation paths from a COMSTAR satellite', IEEE Transactions Antenna and
Propagation, Vol. AP-28, pp 22-8, January 1980. Copyright © 1980 IEEE; Fig. 8.14, from
S. S. Lam, 'Satellite multiaccess schemes for data traffic', International Conference on Com
munications, Vol. 111, June 12-15, 1977, Fig. 1. Copyright© 1977 IEEE; Fig. 8.16, from
V. O. K. Li, 'Multiple access communications networks', IEEE Communications Magazine,
Vol. 25, No.6, 1987, Fig. 2. Copyright © 1987 IEEE; Fig. 3.2, from L. J. Ippolito, 'Radio
propagation of space communication systems', Proc. IEEE, Vol. 69, No.6, June 1981, Fig.
8. Copyright © 1981 IEEE: and Fig. 6.5, from M. P. Ristenbatt, 'Alternatives in digital
communications', Proc. IEEE, Vol. 61, June 1973, Fig. 5.
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) for Fig. 9.6, from
T. Abdei-Nabi, E. Koh and D. Kennedy, 'INTELSAT VII communications capabillities and
performance', AIAA 13th International Communication Satellite Conference, March, Paper
AIAA-90-0787-CP, pp 84-94.
International Telecommunication Union for Figs 3.1 and 5.2 taken from their CCIR Re
port 390-4, p 221 and p 103. Copyright © International Telecommunication Union. Com
plete volumes of the ITU material can be obtained from International Telecommunication
Union, General Secretariat - Sales and Marketing Service, Place des Nations, CH-1211 Ge
neva 20.
John Wiley and Sons Ltd for Fig. 9.19, from W. L. Pritchard, 'Estimating the mass and
power of communication satellites', International Journal of Satellite Communications, Vol.
2, 1984, Fig. 2.
Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvert
ently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the
first opportunity.
To my parents
Contents
Series Editor's Foreword X
Preface XI
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Background 2
1.3 Basic satellite system 4
1.4 System design considerations 8
1.5 Applications 10
1.6 Future trends 12
1. 7 Some important milestones in the development of
satellite communications 13
References 15
2 Satellite Orbits 16
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Laws governing satellite motion 16
2.3 Useful concepts 18
2.4 Satellite path in space 24
2.5 Corrections to simplified model 29
2.6 Geostationary satellites 35
2.7 Launching of geostationary satellites 43
Problems 47
References 48
3 Frequency and Propagation Considerations 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Equitable use of radio spectrum 51
3.3 Propagation considerations 54
Problems 75
References 76
4 Communication Link Design 78
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Antenna basics 79
4.3 Transmission equation 84
4.4 Noise considerations 88
4.5 Link design 100
Vll
viii Contents
Problems 114
References 115
5 Modulation 117
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 System consideration 118
5.3 Linear modulation schemes 119
5.4 Frequency modulation 123
5.5 Digital modulation schemes 137
5.6 Selection of modulation 153
Problems 156
References 158
6 Coding 159
6.1 Information theory basics 159
6.2 Coding - background 162
6.3 Classification of codes 165
6.4 Coding gain 179
6.5 Automatic-repeat-request 179
6.6 Selection of coding 182
6.7 Summary of coding 185
Problems 186
References 187
7 Baseband Signals 188
7.1 Data 189
7.2 Telephony 195
7.3 Television signals 206
7.4 Multiplexing of baseband signals 207
7.5 Traffic considerations 210
Problems 213
References 214
8 Multiple Access Techniques 215
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 Frequency division multiple access 216
8.3 Time division multiple access 227
8.4 FDMA{fDMA operation in multiple beam environment 233
8.5 Code division multiple access 234
8.6 Access protocols for data traffic 245
8.7 Multiple access examples 254
8.8 Future trends 257
Problems 257
References 259
Contents ix
9 Communication Satellites 261
9.1 Introduction 261
9.2 Design considerations 262
9.3 Lifetime and reliability 265
9.4 Spacecraft sub-systems 269
9.5 Spacecraft mass and power estimations 301
9.6 Space segment cost estimates 308
9.7 Spacecraft development programme 309
Problems 310
References 312
10 Earth Stations 313
10.1 Introduction 313
10.2 Design considerations 313
10.3 General configuration 316
10.4 Characteristics 335
Problems 350
References 351
11 Future Trends 353
11.1 Introduction 353
11.2 Influencing factors 355
11.3 Future applications 355
11.4 Technology trends 363
11.5 Advanced concepts 366
11.6 Experiment programmes 371
Problems 372
References 373
Appendix A: Useful data 375
Appendix B: Useful orbit-related formulas 376
Index 395
Series Editor's Foreword
The rapid development of electronics and its engineering applications
ensures that new topics are always competing for a place in university and
polytechnic courses. But it is often difficult for lecturers to find suitable
books for recommendation to students, particularly when a topic is covered
by a short lecture module, or as an 'option'.
Macmillan New Electronics offers introductions to advanced topics. The
level is generally that of second and subsequent years of undergraduate courses
in electronic and electrical engineering, computer science and physics. Some
of the authors will paint with a broad brush; others will concentrate on a
narrower topic, and cover it in greater detail. But in all cases the titles in the
Series will provide a sound basis for further reading in the specialist litera
ture, and an up-to-date appreciation of practical applications and likely trends.
The level, scope and approach of the Series should also appeal to practis
ing engineers and scientists encountering an area of electronics for the first
time, or needing a rapid and authoritative update.
Paul A. Lynn
X