Sample Return Missions: The Last Frontier of Solar System Exploration

397 Pages·2021·29.782 MB·English

by  Andrea Longobardo (editor)

Sample Return Missions

Sample Return Missions
The Last Frontier of Solar
System Exploration
Edited by
ANDREA LONGOBARDO
INAF-IAPS, Rome, Italy
Elsevier
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CONTENTS
Contributors xi
1. Introduction 1
Andrea Longobardo
Part I Space missions 7
2. The Apollo program 9
Eric A. Jerde
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Early planning and strategies 10
2.3 Experiments not related to geologic sampling 14
2.4 Tools & photography 15
2.5 The Apollo samples 16
2.6 Transport & storage 25
2.7 Curation 26
2.8 Major findings 27
2.9 Future lunar sampling 32
References 33
3. The Luna program 37
Evgeny Slyuta
3.1 The beginning 37
3.2 “The Dark Side of the Moon” 41
3.3 First lunar surface panoramas 45
3.4 The first gamma-survey of the lunar surface 48
3.5 Lunokhod 51
3.6 Lunar samples return 55
3.7 Ground-based receiving complex for lunar soil 62
3.8 Primary processing of the lunar soil and major results 67
3.9 International exchange of lunar soil samples 74
3.10 Conclusions 76
Acknowledgments 76
References 76
4. The Stardust sample return mission 79
Scott A. Sandford, Donald E. Brownlee, Michael E. Zolensky
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Mission overview 79
v
vi Contents
4.3 Results 82
4.4 Conclusions 97
Acknowledgements 98
References 98
5. The Genesis Solar-Wind Mission: first deep-space robotic mission to
return to earth 105
Roger C. Wiens, Dan Reisenfeld, Amy Jurewicz, Don Burnett
5.1 Introduction and purpose of the Genesis mission 105
5.2 Mission and spacecraft design 108
5.3 Mission, re-entry, and recovery 110
5.4 Results and scientific discoveries 112
5.5 Conclusions 117
Acknowledgements 118
Permissions 118
References 118
6. The Hayabusa mission 123
Makoto Yoshikawa, Junichiro Kawaguchi, Akira Fujiwara, Akira Tsuchiyama
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 Spacecraft and operations 124
6.3 Scientific results: in-situ observations 130
6.4 Scientific results: sample analysis 136
6.5 Final remark 142
Acknowledgments 143
References 143
7. The Hayabusa2 mission: what will we expect from samples from
C-type near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu? 147
Shogo Tachibana
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 What did Hayabusa2 find at Ryugu? 148
7.3 Sample acquisition at Ryugu 150
7.4 Science goals of returned sample analysis 152
7.5 Summary 157
Acknowledgement 158
References 158
Contents vii
8. OSIRIS-REx at Bennu: Overcoming challenges to collect a sample of
the early Solar System 163
Dante S. Lauretta, Heather L. Enos, Anjani T. Polit, Heather L. Roper, Catherine W.V. Wolner
8.1 Introduction 163
8.2 Mission operations 166
8.3 Sample acquisition and a look forward to Earth return 189
8.4 Summary: To Bennu and back 192
References 193
9. The Chang’e-5 mission 195
Long Xiao, Yuqi Qian, Qian Wang, Qiong Wang
9.1 Mission overview 195
9.2 Sampling and science operations 197
9.3 Landing, recovery and transport procedures 202
9.4 Sample storage and analysis 202
9.5 Conclusions 204
References 205
10. Future missions 207
Elizabeth J. Tasker, Jonathan I. Lunine
10.1 The JAXA Martian Moons eXploration mission 207
10.2 JAXA/OKEANOS 212
10.3 The NASA Comet Astrobiology Exploration Sample Return 214
References 220
Part II Facilities 223
11. The NASA’s Johnson Space Center Astromaterials facilities 225
Andrea Longobardo, Aurore Hutzler
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 Principles of astromaterials curation 226
11.3 Current astromaterials collections and laboratories 229
11.4 Emerging collections 237
11.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 238
Acknowledgements 238
References 238
viii Contents
12. The JAXA Planetary Material Sample Curation Facility 241
Masanao Abe
12.1 Introduction 241
12.2 Scientific requirements of the JAXA’s Curation Center 242
12.3 Role of the Curation Center 242
12.4 Curation Center facility design 242
12.5 Clean room specifications 244
12.6 Clean chamber specifications 244
12.7 Operations at Curation Center 245
12.8 Current status of Hayabusa samples 246
12.9 New challenges and preparation for Hayabusa2 246
12.10 Conclusion 247
References 247
13. A roadmap for a European extraterrestrial sample curation facility – the
EURO—CARES project 249
Caroline L. Smith, Sara S. Russell, Aurore Hutzler, Andrea Meneghin, John Robert Brucato,
Petra Rettberg, Stefano Leuko, Andrea Longobardo, Fabrizio Dirri, Ernesto Palomba,
Alessandra Rotundi, Ludovic Ferrière, Allan Bennett, Thomas Pottage, Luigi Folco, Vinciane Debaille,
Jérôme Aléon, Matthieu Gounelle, Yves Marrocchi, Ian A. Franchi, Frances Westall, Jutta Zipfel,
Frédéric Foucher, Lucy Berthoud, John Vrublevskis, John C. Bridges, John Holt, Monica M. Grady
13.1 Requirements for a European facility 250
13.2 The EURO-CARES project 255
13.3 Summary and key recommendations 264
Acknowledgements 267
References 267
Part III Techniques and technologies 269
14. Collection of samples 271
Vincenzo Della Corte, Alessandra Rotundi
14.1 Introduction 271
14.2 Asteroid sampling systems 273
14.3 Cometary material sampling systems 280
14.4 Sampling dust in space and in the upper Earth stratosphere 285
14.5 The future: planetary sampling systems 288
14.6 Conclusions 292
References 293
Contents ix
15. Recovery and transport of samples 297
Fabrizio Dirri, Andrea Longobardo, Ernesto Palomba, Lucy Berthoud, Aurore Hutzler,
Caroline L. Smith, Sara S. Russell
15.1 Introduction 297
15.2 Landing sites 298
15.3 Transport of samples in previous missions 302
15.4 Guidelines and regulatory issues for restricted samples packaging 309
15.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 311
Acknowledgements 311
References 312
16. Techniques and instruments to analyze, characterize and study
returned samples 315
Rosario Brunetto, Jérôme Aléon, Alice Aléon-Toppani, Janet Borg, Zahia Djouadi
16.1 Introduction: historical background 315
16.2 General presentation of the analytical techniques 317
16.3 Photon-based analytical techniques 319
16.4 Electron-based analytical techniques 325
16.5 Ion-based analytical techniques 329
16.6 Others 332
16.7 Complementary techniques in a multi-analytical sequence 333
16.8 Perspectives 335
Acknowledgements 336
References 337
17. Preservation of samples 343
Andrea Meneghin, John Robert Brucato
17.1 Planetary Protection 343
17.2 Sample curation facilities 344
17.3 Technologies for samples preservation in unrestricted and restricted missions 346
17.4 Conclusions 357
References 358
Part IV The future 361
18. Lessons learned and future perspectives 363
Andrea Longobardo
Index 373