Sadam Hassan Mohmed Ahmed A Thesis submitted to Sudan academy of science in partial ...

141 Pages·2013·5.86 MB·English

Sudan Academy of Science
Engineering Research and Industry Technology council
H M M i M
F i i v o n H m m
Sadam Hassan Mohmed Ahmed
BSc in Geology -Omdurman Islamic Universty
A Thesis submitted to Sudan academy of science in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master in
groundwater technology
Supervisor
Dr. Adil Balia Magboul
2010
DEDICATION
*WIkA hmakt fu ll o f hajajainmAA , Ua ' out jolma&utM to
J)m*jlLcatm this Study
Cfo my low ly pa*Mnt& , htothm*, slAtmtA SftaHolly
(fttyfata (Jiassan to hat huppott nut
S a t/ a m
i
Acknowledgement
i am acknowledged to my supervisor Dr. Adi I Dal la , faculty of
IH'trolcum and minerals — Aluceliau University for liis great effort and
closed siip|H)rt and guidance to make this study possible.
I am also acknowledged to Dr. MohamiiH'd Ha,biker , Sudan
i
Academy of science , and his colleagues , our teachers for their valuable
effort throughout the courses , and after the courses .
I am grateful to the family of the ground water and
Wadies directorate , Khartoum office spatially Talal , Sayda , Mutasim ,
Baraa. and Eldamcr office spatially Yassir and spatial thanks for Adill
Khider, Alla Klden Nassau , Khalid in Atbara water eor|>oration for
providing me with the relevant data and advices.
Sadam
II
Abstract
Study area lies in the River Nile state -North Central of Sudan -
between latitudes 17° 34 - 18° 00 N and longitudes 33° 55 - 34° 43 E.
The geological settings of the study area are composed of Pre-Cambrian
Basement Complex, upper Cretaceous Nubian sandstone formation,
Oligocene Hudi Chert, and Quaternary superficial deposits in ascending
order. Generally there are two main aquifers ; Shallow or upper aquifer in
the alluvial deposits (5 - 37m thick) and Deep or lower aquifer in
Cretaceous Nubian sand stone (17 - 60 m).The upper aquifer is semi
confined, whereas, the lower aquifer is almost confined except in the area
around Atbara town. Hydraulic conductivities of the aquifers varies
between 1.89x1 O'1 to 8.95x10"4 m/min. Most of the water quality in the
study area is suitable for domestic, agriculture, and industrial used with
the exception of small pockets at Atbara town and some village in West
of study area where salinity and contaminations were detected. Generally
most of water quality in the study area is fit for human consumption.
The ground water flow model of the study area was constructed
using 40 column, 50 rows and 3 layers, forming 6000 cells covering the
model domain . The model was calibrated using 3D Finite difference
visual MODFLOW. The model calibration criteria such as mean absolute
error (MAE), root mean square error (RMS) and mass balance error of
water into and out of the system were adjusted to less than 1.3, 1.6 m, and
2.5% respectively. The contour maps of the simulated heads produced by
visual MODFLOW show fair similarity with the contour map drawn
using initial heads which confirm the reliability of Visual MODFLOW
application and acceptable model calibration for the problem.
As the result of model prediction, the calibration seemed to be more
acceptable with average (RMS) of 2.5 m and average absolute mean error
(AM) of 1.38m and average normalized root mean square (NRMS) of
(2.02%). Prediction results reflect the increasing of drawdown from3.9,
8.2 to 12.53 m at the years 2006, 2010 and2016 respectively.
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IV
List of content
Dedication..................................................................................................................I
Acknowledge..........................................................................................................II
Abstract....................................................................................................................Ill
Arabic abstract.......................................................................................................IV
List of figures......................................................................................................VIII
List of tables............................................................................................................X
1-CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Location and area extend................................................................................1
1.2.1. Physiography and accessibility....................................................................1
1.2.2. Drainage system.............................................................................................1
1.2.3. Climate............................................................................................................2
1.2.4. Soil and Vegetation......................................................................................2
1.2.5. Population.....................................................................................................3
1.3. Previous works................................................................................................4
1.4. Objectives of the study....................................................................................4
1.5. Methodology.....................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO: GENERAL GEOLOGY
. 1 .Geological setting................................................................................................8
2.1.1. The Pre-Cambrian Basement Complex...................................................8
2.1.2 The Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone...........................................................8
2.1.3 The Tertiary Hudi Chert............................................................................10
2.1.4 Superficial deposits......................................................................................1 1
2.2 The geological structure.................................................................................1 1
CHAPTER THREE: WATER RESOURCES
3.1Intorduction........................................................................................................15
3.2. Surface Water resources in Sudan..............................................................15
3.3. Ground water resources in Sudan..............................................................16
3.3.1. Nubian sand stone (Cretaceous sedimentary) aquifers.......................16
3.3.2. Umm Ruwaba aquifers...............................................................................17
3.3.3. Alluvial aquifers.........................................................................................17
V
3.4. Water resources in the study area.............................................................18
3.4.1. Surface water...............................................................................................18
3.4.2. Ground water...............................................................................................18
3.5. Occurrence of ground water........................................................................19
3.6. Hydraulic properties of the aquifers...........................................................19
3.6.1. Aquifer properties.....................................................................................20
3.6.2. Hydraulic Conductivity............................................................................20
3.6.3. The Storage Coefficient...........................................................................20
3.7. Regional Flow................................................................................................20
3.8. Hydraulic conductivity of the study area..................................................21
CHAPTERFOUR: HYROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF QU1FERS
4.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................23
4.2. Physiochemical parameters.........................................................................23
4.2.1 The Electrical conductivity (EC).............................................................23
4.2.2. Total dissolved solids (TDS)...................................................................24
4.2.3. Acidity and alkalinity (PH).....................................................................26
4.2.4. Hardness.......................................................................................................28
4.3. Chemical constituent of water....................................................................29
4.3.1 .Calcium.........................................................................................................30
4.3.2. Sodium..........................................................................................................32
4.3.3 .Magnesium...................................................................................................34
4.3.4. Potassium......................................................................................................35
4.3.5. CarbonateHC03and bicarbonateC03....................................................36
4.3.6. Sulphate........................................................................................................37
4.3.7. Chloride........................................................................................................39
4.4. Graphical representation of chemical data................................................41
4.5. Piper diagram...................................................................................................41
4.6. Water suitability............................................................................................44
VI
CHAPTER FIVE: GROUND WATER FLOW MODELING
5.1. Background review....................................................................................46
4.2. Visual MODFLOW.................................................................................47
5.2.1. Model Grid And Layers.......................................................................49
5.2.2. Limitations and Source of Errors..........................................................51
5.3. Model Construction Calibration and results.........................................52
5.4. Model Input Data........................................................................................52
5.3.5. Pumping well............................................................................................52
5.4.1. Observation wells.....................................................................................53
5.4.2. Discharge...................................................................................................54
5.4.3. Recharge.....................................................................................................54
5.4. Hydraulic properties...................................................................................55
5.4.5. Initial Condition.......................................................................................55
5.4.6.Boundary Condition.................................................................................55
•
5.5. Calibration....................................................................................................58
5.5.1. Manual Trail-and-Error Adjustment of Parameters.........................59
5.5.2. Calibration Statistics...............................................................................60
5.6. Model Results..............................................................................................63
5.6.1 Ground water Zone Budget....................................................................66
5.5.2. Model prediction......................................................................................70
CHAPTER SIX : CONCLUSION
6.1. Conclusion...................................................................................................89
6.2. Recommendation........................................................................................92
6.3. Reference......................................................................................................93
Appendixes
VII
List of Figures
Fig (1.1) show the location map of the study area..........................................3
Fig (1.2) show the rain fall in the period 2004-2008.......................................5
Fig (1.3) show the evaporation in the period 2004-2008................................6
Fig (2.1) show the hydrogeological map of the study area...........................12
Fig (2.2) cross sections of the study area (A-A) and (B-B)..........................13
Fig (2.3) cross sections of the study area (C-C) and (D-D)..........................14
Fig (4.1) Spatial distribution of TDS in the study area................................25
Fig (4.2) Spatial distribution of PH in the study area....................................27
Fig (4.3) Spatial distribution of TH in the study area....................................29
Fig (4.4) Spatial distribution of Ca in the study area.....................................31
Fig (4.5) Spatial distribution of Na in the study area.....................................33
Fig (4.6) Spatial distribution of Mg in the study area....................................35
Fig (4.7) Spatial distribution of Co3 in the study area..................................37
Fig (4.8) Spatial distribution of So4 in the study area...................................39
Fig (4.9) Spatial distribution of Cl in the study area.....................................40
Fig (4.10) Piper diagram group A.....................................................................43
Fig (4.11) Piper diagram group B.....................................................................44
Fig (5.1) Finite -difference grids and layers overlying study area............49
Fig (5.2) N-S cross-section along column 16 of model grids.....................50
Fig (5.3) W-E cross-section along row 4 of model grids...'.........................51
Fig (5.4) pumping wells distribution in the area........................................53
Fig (5.5) observation wells in the area..............................................................54
Fig (5.6) Rivers boundaries of the model domain......................................56
Fig (5.7) Equipotential lines for stress period No (1)....................................57
Fig (5.8) constant head of the model domain.................................................58
Fig (5.9) Manual and automatic calibration techniques of numeric
modeling...................................................................................................................63
Fig (5.10) observed versus calculated head at stress period No (3)...........64
Fig (5.11) Observed versus calculated head at stress period No (6).........65
Fig (5.12) Flow (velocity) direction in the model domain..........................69
VIII
Fig (5.13) Modeling process showing how the model directly connects
the observation, parameters and prediction.....................................................71
Fig (5.14) Equipotential lines for stress period No (9)..................................72
Fig (5.15) Equipotential lines for stress period No (11)................................73
Fig (5.16) Equipotential lines for stress period No (13)................................74
Fig (5.17) Equipotential lines for stress period No (15)................................75
Fig (5.18) Equipotential lines for stress period No (17)..............................76
Fig (5.19) Predicted equipotential map to the study area............................77
Fig (5.20) observed versus calculated head at stress period No (9)...........78
Fig (5.21) observed versus calculated head at stress period No (11).........79
Fig (5.22) observed versus calculated head at stress period No (13).........80
Fig (5.23) observed versus calculated head at stress period No (15).........81
Fig (5.24) observed versus calculated head at stress period No (17).........82
Fig (5.26) Shows prediction...............,............................................................87
IX