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ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF MARINE GOVERNANCE AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE This comprehensive handbook provides a detailed and unique overview of current thinking about marine governance in the context of global environmental change. Many of the most profound impacts of global environmental change, and climate change in particular, will occur in the oceans. It is vital that we consider the role of marine governance in adapting to and mitigating these impacts. This comprehensive handbook provides a thorough review of current thinking about marine environmental governance, including law and policy, in the context of global environmental change. Initial chapters describe international law, regimes, and leadership in marine environmental governance, in the pro- cess considering how existing regimes for climate change and the oceans should and can be coordinated. This is followed by an exploration of the role of non-state actors, including scientists, nongovernmental organisations, and corporations. The next section includes a collection of chapters highlighting governance schemes in a variety of marine environments and regions, including coastlines, islands, coral reefs, the open ocean, and regional seas. Sub- sequent chapters examine emerging issues in marine governance, including plastic pollution, maritime transport, sustainable development, environmental justice, and human rights. Providing a defnitive overview, the Routledge Handbook of Marine Governance and Global Environmental Change is suitable for advanced students in marine and environmental governance, environmental law and policy, and climate change, as well as practitioners, activists, stakeholders, and others concerned about the world’s oceans and seas. Paul G. Harris is the Chair Professor of Global and Environmental Studies at the Education University of Hong Kong. He is the author of six books and editor of 20 volumes on climate change and global environmental politics, policy, and justice. ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF MARINE GOVERNANCE AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Edited by Paul G. Harris Cover image: Hong Kong Beach, 2021 © Paul G. Harris First published 2022 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Paul G. Harris; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Paul G. Harris to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-55591-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-00459-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-14974-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781315149745 Typeset in Bembo by codeMantra CONTENTS List of figures ix List of tables xi List of contributors xiii PART I Introduction 1 1 The growing challenge for marine governance: global environmental change 3 Paul G. Harris PART II International law, regimes, and leadership in marine environmental governance 15 2 The global oceans regime: the law of the sea and beyond 17 Erik van Doorn 3 The climate-oceans nexus: oceans in the climate regime, climate in the oceans regime 28 Rozemarijn J. Roland Holst 4 The legal implications of ocean acidification: beyond the climate change regime 39 Jennicca Gordon v Contents 5 Regimes for ocean management: Regional seas programmes and blue carbon ecosystems 51 Luciana Fernandes Coelho and Nata Tavonvunchai 6 Blue dimensions of the European Green Deal: climate action at sea 64 Gabriela A. Oanta 7 Leadership: actors and their strategies in marine environmental governance 75 Małgorzata Zachara-Szymańska PART III Non-state actors in marine environmental governance 85 8 Experts: scientifc knowledge for ocean protection 87 Alice B.M. Vadrot 9 Civil society: nongovernmental organisations, public opinion, and individuals 100 Andrea Quirino Steiner, Elia Elisa Cia Alves, and Luís Paulo Santana 10 Private governance: the case of Marine Stewardship Council certifcation in Russia 112 E. Carina H. Keskitalo, Dmitry L. Lajus, and Lars H. Gulbrandsen 11 Private-sector investors: climate action and blue carbon fnancing 123 Nata Tavonvunchai PART IV Governing marine environments and regions 137 12 Vulnerable nations and communities: accounting for those most dependent on the seas 139 Greg Johnson, Amanda Alva, and Kelly Dunning 13 Coastlines and nearshore habitats: interactive governance in an era of global environmental change 151 Tony George Puthucherril 14 Islands: rising seas, vulnerable shorelines, and territorial integrity 164 Anemoon Soete vi Contents 15 Coral reefs: the case for ecological reflexivity 175 Pedro Fidelman 16 Fisheries and aquaculture in Southeast Asia: managing the impacts of climate change 183 Achmad Poernomo and Anastasia Kuswardani 17 The Baltic Sea and global environmental change: best-in-class governance? 195 Marko Joas, Henrik Ringbom, and Nina Tynkkynen 18 Governance of the Black Sea: institutional arrangements for managing the impacts of global environmental change 206 Emma Avoyan and Jan van Tatenhove 19 Polar seas: governing extreme change in the Arctic and Southern Oceans 217 Nicole Wienrich, Hugh McDonald, Arne Riedel, Tim Packeiser, and Janos Hennicke 20 Oil pollution and black carbon in the Arctic: dynamic shipping governance in a rapidly warming region 228 Benjamin Hofmann 21 The high seas: adapting to changes in pelagic ecosystems 240 Mitchell Lennan PART V Emerging issues in environmentally sustainable marine governance 251 22 Plastic pollution: the challenges of uncertainty and multiplicity in global marine governance 253 Judith van Leeuwen, Tony R. Walker, and Joanna Vince 23 Maritime commerce and transport: the imperfect match between climate change and the International Maritime Organization 263 Judith van Leeuwen and Jason Monios 24 Global change and the development of sustainable floating cities: regulatory and legal implications 275 Otto Spijkers and Chuxiao Yu vii Contents 25 Oceans and seas for sustainable development: challenges of global environmental change for SDG14 286 Shailly Kedia and Kapil Narula 26 Ethics, justice, and human rights: normative considerations in marine environmental change 299 Konrad Ott, Colin von Negenborn, and Nele Matz-Lück PART VI Conclusion 313 27 Prospects for marine governance in the Anthropocene: portents from the climate regime 315 Paul G. Harris Index 323 viii FIGURES 13.1 Interactive coastal governance and ICZM 157 18.1 The Black Sea 207 18.2 Dimensions of a policy arrangement 209 19.1 Arctic sea ice extent anomalies, 1979–2021 218 19.2 Antarctic sea ice extent anomalies, 1979–2021 218 23.1 Global maritime trade 1980–2019, millions of tonnes loaded 264 23.2 Annual containerised cargo per trade lane, 2016–2019 265 23.3 Carbon intensity vs goods loaded, tonne miles, and CO emissions, 2 2000–2018 266 25.1 Proportion of fsh stocks within biologically sustainable levels (not overexploited) at the world level 293 25.2 Percentage coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas (exclusive economic zones) 294 25.3 Sustainable fsheries as a percentage of gross domestic product at the world level 294 ix